How do you prepare a standard solution?

A solution whose concentration is accurately known is called a standard solution.
A standard solution can be prepared by weighing method in the following way.
(a) The mass of solute needed is calculated and weighed.
(b) The solute is dissolved in some distilled water in a beaker.
(c) The solution is transferred into a volumetric flask.
(d) More distilled water is added to obtain the required volume. The flask is stoppered and shaken.
For example, to prepare 1.0 dm³ of 0.50 mol dm^-3 aqueous sodium hydroxide.

How do you prepare a standard solution 1

A very accurate standard alkaline solution cannot be prepared using sodium hydroxide as the primary standard. This is because
(a) sodium hydroxide is deliquescent. It absorbs moisture and dissolves to form a solution.
(b) sodium hydroxide may not be pure. It reacts with carbon dioxide from the air:
2NaOH(s) + CO₂(g) → Na₂CO₃(s) + H₂O(l)
Hence, the concentration of this alkaline solution is not accurate.
Pure anhydrous sodium carbonate, Na₂CO₃, is used to prepare a primary standard alkaline solution.
Solid organic acids such as oxalic acid, H₂C₂O₄.2H₂O, is used to prepare primary standard acidic solution.
A standard solution can also be prepared by dilution method.

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A standard solution can also be made by dilution. Bench acids such as hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid and nitric acid are all prepared by diluting the commercial concentrated acids (stock solutions) with varying amounts of distilled water.
Adding water to a concentrated solution:
(a) changes the concentration of the solution
(b) does not change the number of moles of solute present
This means that the total number of moles of solute particles before dilution is equal to the total number of moles of solute particles after the dilution is carried out.
Moles of solute before dilution = moles of solute after dilution
A dilution equation can be derived as shown below.

How do you prepare a standard solution 2
Since adding water does not change the number of moles of solute particles,
M₁V₁ = M₂V₂

Figure shows how Example is carried out in the laboratory.
How do you prepare a standard solution 3

The volume of stock solution required must be measured out accurately. Use a pipette to measure out exactly 25.0 cm³ of stock solution. Use a burette to measure out any other volumes that less than 50.0 cm³.
For example, to prepare 500 cm³ of 0.15 mol dm^-3 sulphuric acid from a stock solution of 2.0 mol dm^-3 sulphuric acid.
(a) Calculate the volume of stock solution required.

(b) Fill a burette with the stock solution.
Run out 37.5 cm³ of stock solution into a 500 cm³ volumetric flask containing some distilled water.

(c) Add more distilled water into the flask, with constant swirling. Then, use a dropper to add distilled water to bring the meniscus to the calibration mark. Stopper the flask and shake well to ensure thorough mixing.