{"id":911,"date":"2022-11-18T16:00:53","date_gmt":"2022-11-18T10:30:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/?p=911"},"modified":"2022-11-19T16:25:44","modified_gmt":"2022-11-19T10:55:44","slug":"covalent-bond","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/covalent-bond\/","title":{"rendered":"What is Covalent Bond?"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><strong><span style=\"color: #00ccff;\">What is Covalent Bond?<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #993366;\">The\u00a0Covalent Bond<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Covalent bonds<\/strong> are formed when atoms of non-metals combine with each other to form a <strong>molecule<\/strong>.<br \/>\nNon-metal + Non-metal \u2192\u00a0Covalent compound<\/li>\n<li>The <strong>non-metals<\/strong> involved can be<br \/>\n(a) the elements from <strong>Groups 15, 16,<\/strong> and <strong>17<\/strong> of the Periodic Table.<br \/>\n(b) carbon and silicon from Group 14 of the Periodic Table.<br \/>\n(c) hydrogen, the smallest-sized atom. Hydrogen forms covalent bonds when it combines with more electronegative non-metal such as a fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, bromine, iodine or carbon.<\/li>\n<li>During the formation of covalent bonds, atoms of non-metals <strong>share electrons<\/strong> to achieve stable noble gas electron arrangements.<\/li>\n<li>Each atom contributes the <strong>same number of electrons<\/strong> to each other for <strong>sharing<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>The shared pairs of electrons which bind the atoms together are called <strong>covalent bonds<\/strong>.<br \/>\nAs a result, <strong>covalent molecules<\/strong> are formed.<\/li>\n<li>The chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons between them is known as a covalent bond.<\/li>\n<li>The sharing of electrons between the two atoms takes place in such a way that both the atoms acquire the stable electronic configurations of their nearest noble gases.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>Types of Covalent Bonds<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>During the formation of a covalent bond between two atoms, each atom <strong>contributes 1, 2 <\/strong>or<strong> 3<\/strong> <strong>electrons<\/strong> to each other for <strong>sharing<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>By doing so, the two atoms <strong>share 1, 2 or 3 pairs of electrons<\/strong> so as to achieve stable noble gas electron arrangements.<\/li>\n<li>When two atoms share <strong>one pair<\/strong> of electrons, a <strong>single covalent bond<\/strong> is formed.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-110482\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/What-is-Covalent-Bond-1.png\" alt=\"What is Covalent Bond 1\" width=\"423\" height=\"95\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/What-is-Covalent-Bond-1.png 423w, https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/What-is-Covalent-Bond-1-300x67.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 423px) 100vw, 423px\" \/><\/li>\n<li>When two atoms share <strong>two pairs<\/strong> of electrons, a <strong>double covalent bond<\/strong> is formed.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-110488\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/What-is-Covalent-Bond-2.png\" alt=\"What is Covalent Bond 2\" width=\"421\" height=\"96\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/What-is-Covalent-Bond-2.png 421w, https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/What-is-Covalent-Bond-2-300x68.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 421px) 100vw, 421px\" \/><\/li>\n<li>When two atoms share <strong>three pairs<\/strong> of electrons, a <strong>triple covalent bond<\/strong> is formed.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-110490\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/What-is-Covalent-Bond-3.png\" alt=\"What is Covalent Bond 3\" width=\"445\" height=\"95\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/What-is-Covalent-Bond-3.png 445w, https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/What-is-Covalent-Bond-3-300x64.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 445px) 100vw, 445px\" \/><\/li>\n<li>Hence, there are three types of covalent bonds:<br \/>\n(a) <strong>Single<\/strong> covalent bond<br \/>\n(b) <strong>Double<\/strong> covalent bond<br \/>\n(c) <strong>Triple<\/strong> covalent bond<\/li>\n<li>The <strong>number of electrons contributed <\/strong>by an atom of an element for <strong>sharing<\/strong> during the formation of <strong>covalent bonds<\/strong> is shown below.\n<ul>\n<li>An atom of a <strong>Group 17 element<\/strong> contributes <strong>one electron<\/strong> for sharing because it has 7 valence electrons.<\/li>\n<li>An atom of a <strong>Group 16 element<\/strong> contributes <strong>two electrons<\/strong> for sharing because it has 6 valence electrons.<\/li>\n<li>An atom of a <strong>Group 15 element<\/strong> contributes <strong>three electrons<\/strong> for sharing because it has 5 valence electrons.<\/li>\n<li>A <strong>silicon<\/strong> or <strong>carbon atom<\/strong> from <strong>Group 14<\/strong> contributes <strong>four electrons<\/strong> for sharing because both these elements have four valence electrons.<\/li>\n<li>A <strong>hydrogen atom<\/strong> contributes <strong>one electron<\/strong> for sharing because it has one valence electron.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>People also ask<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/chemical-bonding-compound-formation\/\">Chemical Bonding and Compound Formation<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/chemical-bonding\/\">Chemical Bonding<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/covalent-bond-formed\/\">How is covalent bond is formed?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/write-formula-covalent-compound\/\">Describe how to write a formula for a covalent compound<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/ions-form-ionic-bonds\/\">What causes ions to form ionic bonds?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/explain-formation-ionic-bonds-examples\/\">Explain the formation of ionic bonds with examples<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/properties-ionic-covalent-compounds\/\">Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/write-formula-ionic-compounds\/\">How do you write the formula for ionic compounds?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/name-ionic-compound\/\">How do you Name an Ionic Compound?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #993366;\"><strong>1. Single covalent bond:<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nA single covalent bond is formed when one pair of electrons is shared between two atoms.<br \/>\n<strong>Examples :<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">1. Formation of a hydrogen molecule (H<sub>2<\/sub>)<\/strong><span style=\"line-height: 1.5;\"> :<\/span><br \/>\nA molecule of hydrogen consists of two hydrogen atoms. Each hydrogen atom has one electron. When two atoms of hydrogen combine, one electron of each takes part in sharing. Thus, two electrons (one pair of electrons) are shared between the two atoms.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-110491 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/What-is-Covalent-Bond-4.png\" alt=\"What is Covalent Bond 4\" width=\"171\" height=\"29\" \/>The shared electron pair always exists between the two atoms. The two dots between the two H atoms represent the pair of shared electrons. One pair of shared electrons gives a single bond. Such a bond is represented by a short line between the two atoms. Thus, a hydrogen molecule may be represented as in figure.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-110493 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/What-is-Covalent-Bond-5.png\" alt=\"What is Covalent Bond 5\" width=\"203\" height=\"42\" \/>Once the bond is formed, the both atoms have a stable configuration of the noble gas helium.<br \/>\n<strong style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">2. Formation of a methane molecule (CH<sub>4<\/sub>) :<\/strong><br \/>\nA carbon atom has four electrons in its outermost shell (valence shell). It shares its valence electrons with those of four H atoms. Thus, an atom of carbon forms four single covalent bonds with four H atoms.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-110494 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/What-is-Covalent-Bond-6.png\" alt=\"What is Covalent Bond 6\" width=\"403\" height=\"90\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/What-is-Covalent-Bond-6.png 403w, https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/What-is-Covalent-Bond-6-300x67.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\" \/>Pictorially, a methane molecule may be represented as in Figure.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-110495 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/What-is-Covalent-Bond-7.png\" alt=\"What is Covalent Bond 7\" width=\"92\" height=\"88\" \/><span style=\"color: #993366;\"><strong>2. Double covalent bond :<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nA double covalent bond is formed when two pairs of electrons are shared between the two combining atoms. A sharing of two pairs of electrons is shown by marking two short lines between the symbols of the two atoms.<br \/>\n<strong>Examples:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">1. Formation of an oxygen molecule (O<sub>2<\/sub>) :<\/strong><br \/>\nAn atom of oxygen contains six electrons in its valence shell. It requires two more electrons to attain a stable eight-electron configuration (octet). This is achieved when each of the two oxygen atoms shares its two electrons with the other, resulting in the formation of a stable oxygen molecule.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-110496 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/What-is-Covalent-Bond-8.png\" alt=\"What is Covalent Bond 8\" width=\"337\" height=\"84\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/What-is-Covalent-Bond-8.png 337w, https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/What-is-Covalent-Bond-8-300x75.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 337px) 100vw, 337px\" \/>Pictorially, the oxygen molecule may be represented as in figure.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-110497 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/What-is-Covalent-Bond-9.png\" alt=\"What is Covalent Bond 9\" width=\"60\" height=\"43\" \/><strong style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">2. Formation of an ethylene molecule (C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>4<\/sub>) :<\/strong><br \/>\nIn the formation of an ethylene molecule (C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>4<\/sub>), each of the two C atoms combines with two H atoms to form two single covalent bonds. The remaining two electrons of each C atom form a double bond between the two C atoms.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-110519 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/What-is-Covalent-Bond-10.png\" alt=\"What is Covalent Bond 10\" width=\"353\" height=\"102\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/What-is-Covalent-Bond-10.png 353w, https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/What-is-Covalent-Bond-10-300x87.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 353px) 100vw, 353px\" \/>Pictorially, a molecule of ethylene (C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>4<\/sub>) may be represented a in figure.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-110538 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/What-is-Covalent-Bond-11.png\" alt=\"What is Covalent Bond 11\" width=\"102\" height=\"84\" \/><span style=\"color: #993366;\"><strong>3. Triple covalent bond:<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nA triple covalent bond is formed when three pairs of electrons (six electrons) are shared between the two combining atoms. A triple bond is shown by marking three short lines between the two symbols of the atoms.<br \/>\n<strong>Examples:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong style=\"line-height: 1.5;\">1. Formation of a nitrogen molecule (N<sub>2<\/sub>) :<\/strong><br \/>\nAn atom of nitrogen has five electrons in its valence shell. It requires three more electrons to attain the stable octet. This is achieved when two nitrogen atoms combine together by sharing three electrons each to form a nitrogen molecule.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-110539 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/What-is-Covalent-Bond-12.png\" alt=\"What is Covalent Bond 12\" width=\"360\" height=\"88\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/What-is-Covalent-Bond-12.png 360w, https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/What-is-Covalent-Bond-12-300x73.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/>Pictorially, a nitrogen molecule can be represented as in figure.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-110540 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/What-is-Covalent-Bond-13.png\" alt=\"What is Covalent Bond 13\" width=\"59\" height=\"42\" \/><strong>2.\u00a0<\/strong><strong>Formation of an acetylene molecule (C<sub>2<\/sub>H<sub>2<\/sub>) :<\/strong><br \/>\nIn an acetylene molecule, two C atoms combine with two H atoms. Each C atom shares three of its valence electrons with the other C atom. One electron of each C atom is shared with one electron of a H atom.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-110544 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/What-is-Covalent-Bond-14.png\" alt=\"What is Covalent Bond 14\" width=\"111\" height=\"49\" \/>Thus, in a molecule of acetylene, there is a triple covalent bond between the two C atoms and each C atom is joined to one H atom by a single covalent bond. Pictorially, a molecule of acetylene may be represented as in figure.<br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #993366;\"><strong>Characteristics of covalent compounds:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Covalent compounds are made up of neutral molecules. Hence, the forces of attraction between the molecules are weaker than those found in ionic compounds. Therefore, covalent compounds are usually volatile liquids or gases.<\/li>\n<li><strong>The melting and the boiling points of covalent compounds are generally low.<\/strong> Since covalent compounds are made up of neutral molecules, the forces of attraction between the molecules are very weak. So, a comparatively small amount of heat energy is required to break these weak intermolecular forces of attraction. Hence, they have low melting and boiling points.<\/li>\n<li>Covalent compounds are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.<\/li>\n<li>Covalent compounds do not conduct electricity. This is because they are made up of neutral molecules, not ions, and do not produce ions in the molten state or in aqueous solutions.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong><span style=\"color: #993366;\">Bonding in metals:<\/span><\/strong><br \/>\nAs you know, metals are hard solids and they are made up of atoms. It has been established that the atoms in a metal are very closely packed together.<br \/>\nThe force that holds the atoms closely together in a metal is known as the metallic bond.<br \/>\nMetal atoms lose one, two or three electrons to form positively charged ions, called cations.<br \/>\nThe electrons thus lost move freely in the metal, i.e., these electrons become mobile, but the cations do not leave their positions. So in a metal lattice it is assumed that the metal ions are immersed in a sea of electrons. Due to the presence of mobile electrons, metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is Covalent Bond? The\u00a0Covalent Bond Covalent bonds are formed when atoms of non-metals combine with each other to form a molecule. Non-metal + Non-metal \u2192\u00a0Covalent compound The non-metals involved can be (a) the elements from Groups 15, 16, and 17 of the Periodic Table. (b) carbon and silicon from Group 14 of the Periodic [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[84],"tags":[99,98,97],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v17.8 (Yoast SEO v17.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What is Covalent Bond? - A Plus Topper<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/covalent-bond\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What is Covalent Bond?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"What is Covalent Bond? 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The\u00a0Covalent Bond Covalent bonds are formed when atoms of non-metals combine with each other to form a molecule. Non-metal + Non-metal \u2192\u00a0Covalent compound The non-metals involved can be (a) the elements from Groups 15, 16, and 17 of the Periodic Table. (b) carbon and silicon from Group 14 of the Periodic [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/covalent-bond\/","og_site_name":"A Plus Topper","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/aplustopper\/","article_published_time":"2022-11-18T10:30:53+00:00","article_modified_time":"2022-11-19T10:55:44+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/What-is-Covalent-Bond-1.png"}],"twitter_card":"summary","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"sastry","Est. reading time":"6 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/#organization","name":"Aplus Topper","url":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/aplustopper\/"],"logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/#logo","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/Aplus_380x90-logo.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/Aplus_380x90-logo.jpg","width":1585,"height":375,"caption":"Aplus Topper"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/#logo"}},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/","name":"A Plus Topper","description":"Improve your Grades","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/covalent-bond\/#primaryimage","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/What-is-Covalent-Bond-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/08\/What-is-Covalent-Bond-1.png","width":423,"height":95,"caption":"What is Covalent Bond 1"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/covalent-bond\/#webpage","url":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/covalent-bond\/","name":"What is Covalent Bond? 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