{"id":42991,"date":"2023-01-31T10:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-01-31T04:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/?p=42991"},"modified":"2023-02-01T09:24:34","modified_gmt":"2023-02-01T03:54:34","slug":"plus-two-business-studies-notes-chapter-7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/plus-two-business-studies-notes-chapter-7\/","title":{"rendered":"Plus Two Business Studies Notes Chapter 7 Directing"},"content":{"rendered":"
Meaning<\/strong><\/p>\n Directing refers to the process of instructing, guiding, counseling, motivating and leading people in the organisation to achieve its objectives.<\/p>\n Features<\/strong><\/p>\n Importance of Directing<\/strong><\/p>\n Principles of Directing<\/strong><\/p>\n Elements of Direction<\/strong><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Supervision<\/strong><\/p>\n Supervision means overseeing the subordinates at work. Supervision is instructing, guiding and controlling the workforce with a view to see that they are working according to plans, policies, programmes and instructions.<\/p>\n Importance of Supervision:<\/p>\n Motivation<\/strong><\/p>\n Motivation is the process of stimulating people to action to accomplish desired goals. Motivation depends upon satisfying needs of people.<\/p>\n Features of Motivation:<\/p>\n Importance of Motivation:<\/p>\n Maslow\u2019s Need Hierarchy Theory of Motivation<\/strong><\/p>\n Abraham Maslow\u2019s Need Hierarchy Theory is considered fundamental to understanding of motivation. His theory was based on human needs. Various human needs are:<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Financial and Non-Financial Incentives<\/strong><\/p>\n Incentive means all measures which are used to motivate people to improve performance. These incentives may be<\/p>\n 1. Financial Incentives: Financial incentives refer to incentives which are in direct monetary form or measurable in monetary term and serve to motivate people for better performance. Financial incentives are:<\/p>\n 2. Non-Financial Incentives : Incentives which are not measurable in Terms of money are called Non-Financial Incentives. These incentives are essential for satisfying physiological, social and emotional needs. Some of the important non-financial incentives are:<\/p>\n Leadership<\/strong><\/p>\n Leadership can be defined as the process of influencing the behaviour of employees at work towards the accomplishment of organisational objectives.<\/p>\n Features of Leadership:<\/p>\n Importance of Leadership:<\/p>\n Qualities of Good Leader:<\/p>\n Leadership Style:<\/p>\n Communication<\/strong><\/p>\n Communication may be defined as an exchange of facts, ideas, opinions or emotions between two or more persons to create mutual understanding.<\/p>\n Elements of Communication Process:<\/p>\n Importance of Communication:<\/p>\n Formal Communication<\/strong><\/p>\n Communication through the official chain of command is called formal communication. It flows through the scalar chain of authority. Formal communication may be of two types:<\/p>\n 1. Vertical Communication: Vertical communication flows vertically i.e., upwards or downwards through formal communication channels.<\/p>\n 2. Horizontal or Lateral communication: The flow of communication between persons holding position at the same level of the organisation is known as horizontal communication.<\/p>\n Communication Network<\/strong><\/p>\n The pattern through which communication flows within the organisation is generally indicated through communication network. Some of the communication networks are: 2) Wheel: In wheel network, all subordinates under one superior communicate through him only. The subordinates are not allowed to communicate among themselves. 3) Circular: In circular network, the communication moves in a circle. Each person can communicate with his adjoining two persons. 4) Free flow: In this network, each person can communicate with others freely. 5) Inverted V: In this network, a subordinate is allowed to communicate with his immediate superior as well as his superior\u2019s superior. Advantages of Formal Communication:<\/p>\n Disadvantages of Formal Communication:<\/p>\n Informal Communication<\/strong><\/p>\n Communication that takes place without following the formal lines of communication is said to be informal communication. It results from the social interaction among the members. It satisfies the social needs of members in the organisation. The network of informal communication is known as Grapevine. It is so called because the origin and direction of flow of communication cannot be easily traced out.<\/p>\n Types of Informal Communication\/Grapevine Network:<\/p>\n <\/p>\n Advantages of Informal Communication:<\/p>\n Disadvantages of Informal Communication:<\/p>\n Barriers to Communication<\/strong><\/p>\n 1) Semantic barriers: Semantic barriers are concerned with problems and obstructions in the process of encoding and decoding of message into words or impressions. Semantic barriers are:<\/p>\n 2) Psychological Barriers: Emotional or psychological factors act as barriers to communicators. Psychological barriers are:<\/p>\n 3) Organisational Barriers: Organisation\u2019s policies, Number of levels of management, rigid rules, etc., are the examples of organisational barriers.<\/p>\n 4) Personal barriers: It includes fear of challenge to authority, lack of confidence, lack of incentives, etc.<\/p>\n Measures to overcome barriers to communication<\/strong><\/p>\n Differences Between Formal and Informal Communication<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
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\n1) Single Chain: This network exists between a supervisor and his subordinates. Here communication flows from every superior to his subordinate through single chain.
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