{"id":38840,"date":"2024-02-17T05:31:21","date_gmt":"2024-02-17T00:01:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/?p=38840"},"modified":"2024-02-17T14:55:29","modified_gmt":"2024-02-17T09:25:29","slug":"plus-one-botany-notes-chapter-4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/plus-one-botany-notes-chapter-4\/","title":{"rendered":"Plus One Botany Notes Chapter 4 Anatomy of Flowering Plants"},"content":{"rendered":"
What is plant anatomy?
\nIt is the study of internal structure of plants. In angiosperms, the monocots and dicots are anatomically different.<\/p>\n
The Tissues:<\/span> Meristemetic Tissue:<\/span> <\/p>\n 1. Apical meristem: 2. Intercalary meristem: Grasses in an area are cut and removed by cows, after few days regeneration occurs and new grasses are formed. Why? 3. Secondary or lateral meristem: For example: In some woody species after few years thickness of plant body increases from 5 inch diameter to 10 inch diameter. Why this happens? What is permanent tissues? Permanent Tissues:<\/span> Simple Tissue:<\/span> Functions: 2. Collenchyma:<\/p>\n Function: 3. Sclerenchyma:<\/p>\n Function: Structure and position of sclereids in plants: Complex Tissues:<\/span> Tracheids, vessels, xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma. 2. Vessel: 3. Xylem fibres: <\/p>\n 4. Xylem parenchyma”<\/p>\n Difference between endarch and exarch condition: Phloem: Gymnosperms have albuminous cells and sieve cells. They lack sieve tubes and companion cells. <\/p>\n 2. Companion cells:<\/p>\n 3. Phloem Parenchyma:<\/p>\n 4. Phloem fibres (bast fibres):<\/p>\n The Tissue System:<\/span> What is stomatal apparatus? 2. The Ground Tissue System:<\/span><\/p>\n 3. The Vascular Tissue System:<\/span> Different type bundles: 2. Closed vascular bundle: <\/p>\n 3. Radial bundle: 4. Conjoint bundle: Anatomy Of Dicotyledonous And Monocotyledonous Plants:<\/span> <\/p>\n Chemical substance in endodermal wall:<\/p>\n Monocotyledonous Root:<\/span> Secondary thickening is most common in dicot plants: <\/p>\n Monocotyledonous Stem Salient features:<\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Isobilateral (Monocotyledonous) Leaf:<\/span> <\/p>\n Secondary Growth:<\/span> Vascular Cambium:<\/span> Formation of cambial ring:<\/span> Activity of the cambial ring:<\/span> How can you analyse Canbium is more active towards inner side than outer side? At some places, the cambium forms a narrow band of parenchyma, which passes through the secondary xylem and the secondary phloem are called the secondary medullary rays. Spring wood and autumn wood:<\/span> Autumn wood or late wood: Annual ring in the calculation of age of tree: Heartwood – Durable wood?<\/span> 2. It is resistant to the attack of microorganisms. This type of wood is called heartwood.<\/p>\n Sap wood: Cork Cambium:<\/span> Feature of secondary tissues of phellogen and constituents of Periderm: Bark: Lenticels and function: Secondary Growth in Roots:<\/span> Secondary growth also occurs in stems and roots ofgymnosperms. But secondary growth does not occur in monocotyledons. Kerala Plus One Botany Notes Chapter 4 Anatomy of Flowering Plants What is plant anatomy? It is the study of internal structure of plants. In angiosperms, the monocots and dicots are anatomically different. The Tissues: Group of cells having a common origin and function. Do you agree that all tissue in plants are capable of […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[42728],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\n
\nGroup of cells having a common origin and function.
\nDo you agree that all tissue in plants are capable of division?
\nSome tissues are capable of division they are called meristemetic tissues, while others are capable of divisor , they are called permanent tissues.<\/p>\n
\nThey are found in specific region of plant i.e. growing region the tips of roots and shoots
\nClassification based on the position:<\/p>\n\n
\nIn root it is situated at the tip while in shoot it lies in the distant most region of the stem axis. The portion of shoot apical meristem i.e axillary bud present in the axils of leaves forms branch or a flower.<\/p>\n
\nIt occurs between mature tissues or base of internode of grasses. The above two meristems are primary meristems because they appear early in the life of a plant.<\/p>\n
\nDue to the activity of intercalary meristem.<\/p>\n
\nIt occurs in the mature regions of roots and shoots of plants particularly in woody axis. Eg-Fascicular vascular cambium, interfascicular cambium and cork-cambium.<\/p>\n
\nDue to the activity of lateral meristem<\/p>\n
\nMeristems structurally and functionally specialised and lose the ability to divide. Such cells are termed as permanent tissues.<\/p>\n
\nClassification:<\/p>\n\n
\n1. Parenchyma:<\/p>\n\n
\nPhotosynthesis, storage and secretion.<\/p>\n\n
\nMechanical support.
\n<\/p>\n\n
\nMechanical support to organs.<\/p>\n
\nThey are spherical, oval or cylindrical, highly thickened dead cells with very narrow cavities (lumen). These are found in the fruit walls of nuts; pulp of fruits like guava, pear and sapota; seed coats of legumes and leaves of tea.
\n<\/p>\n
\nXylem and phloem are considered as complex tissues in plants
\nXylem:<\/p>\n\n
\n1. Tracheids:
\nThey are dead and without protoplasm.They are elongated or tube like cells with thick and lignified walls and tapering ends. In flowering plants, tracheids and vessels are the main water transporting elements.<\/p>\n
\nIt is a long cylindrical tube-like structure having lignified walls and a large central cavity. They are devoid of protoplasm and interconnected by perforations in their common walls. The presence of vessels is a characteristic feature of angiosperms.<\/p>\n
\nThey have highly thickened walls and are dead. These may either be septate or aseptate.<\/p>\n\n
\nIn stems, the protoxylem lies towards the centre (pith) and the metaxylem lies towards the periphery of the organ. It is called endarch. In roots, the protoxylem lies towards periphery and metaxylem lies towards the centre.lt is called exarch.<\/p>\n
\nIt transports food materials, usually from leaves to other parts of the plant. Phloem in angiosperms is composed of<\/p>\n\n\n
\n Sieve tube elements, companion cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\n1. Sieve tube elements:<\/p>\n\n
\n
\n
\n
\n\n
\n Commercially important Phloem fibres are jute, flax and hemp<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n The first formed primary phloem is called as protophloem<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n later formed phloem has bigger sieve tubes and is called as metaphloem<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\nBased on the of their structure and location, there are three types of tissue systems.<\/p>\n\n
\n1. Epidermal tissue system:<\/span>
\nStomata are present in the epidermis of leaves regulate the process of transpiration and gaseous exchange.
\nShape of guard cell in dicot and monocot:
\nIn dicot, it consist of two bean-shaped cells known as guard cells. In grasses(monocot), the guard cells are dumb bell shaped.<\/p>\n\n
\nThe stomatal aperture, guard cells and the surrounding subsidiary cells are together called stomatal apparatus.<\/p>\n\n
\n
\nThe vascular system consists of phloem and xylem.<\/p>\n
\n1. Open vascular bundles:
\nIn dicot stems, Cambium is’present between phloem and xylem.<\/p>\n
\nIn the monocot, the vascular bundles have no cambium present in them. Hence they do not form secondary tissues .<\/p>\n
\nIn roots, xylem and phloem are arranged in an alternate manner on different radii.<\/p>\n
\nIn stems and leaves, the xylem and phloem are situated at the same radius of vascular bundles. In this phloem located on the outer side of xylem.<\/p>\n
\nDicotyledonous Root (eg sunflower root):<\/span>
\nSalient features:<\/p>\n\n
\n
\nThe anatomy of the monocot root is similar to the dicot root in many respects.
\nSome specialities are given below:<\/p>\n\n
\nCambium is present only in dicot plant, it is absent in monocots, so Monocotyledonous roots do not undergo any secondary growth.
\n
\nDicotyledonous Stem:<\/span>
\nSalient features:<\/p>\n\n
\n
\nDorsiventral (Dicotyledonous) Leaf:<\/span>
\nSalient features:<\/p>\n\n
\nThe vertical section of isobilateral leaf is similar to that of the dorsiventral leaf It shows some differences.
\nSalient features:<\/p>\n\n
\nWhat you mean by secondary growth?
\nDicotyledonous plants shows secondary growth .i.e it increases the girth of plant body. The tissues involved in secondary growth are lateral meristems eg: vascular cambium and cork cambium<\/p>\n
\nIt is seen in between xylem and pholem. it forms a complete ring.<\/p>\n
\nIntra fascicular and inter fascicular cambium- Difference:
\nIn dicot stems, cambium present between primary xylem and primary phloem is the intrafascicular cambium. The medullary cells seen in between xylem & phloem become meristematic and forms interfascicular cambium. Thus, a continuous ring of cambium is formed.<\/p>\n
\nThe cambial ring cut off new cells towards the inner (secondary xylem) and the outer sides( secondary phloem).<\/p>\n
\nThe cambium is more active on the inner side than on the outer, as a result amount of secondary xylem produced is more than secondary phloem. The primary and secondary phloems get gradually crushed due to the continued formation and accumulation of secondary xylem.<\/p>\n
\n<\/p>\n
\nSpring wood or early wood:
\nIn the spring season, cambium is very active and produces a large number of xylem elements having vessels with wider cavities.This wood is called spring wood.<\/p>\n
\nIn winter, the cambium is less active and forms fewer xylem elements that have narrow vessels, This wood is called autumn wood. The spring wood is lighter and autumn wood is darker.<\/p>\n
\nThe spring wood and autumn wood that appear as alternate concentric rings, constitute an annual ring. Age of tree can be calculate by counting the number of annual rings.<\/p>\n
\n1. The inner most layers of the stem consist of secondary xylem is dark brown due to deposition of organic compounds like tannins, resins, oils, gums, aromatic substances and essential oils.<\/p>\n
\nThe outer part of wood is light coloured, functional and and conduct water and minerals . This type of wood is called sap wood.<\/p>\n
\nDue to the activity of vascular cambium, girth of the stem increases. This results the breakdown of outer cortical and epidermis layers .So the new protective tissues are formed by another meristematic tissue called cork cambium or phellogen
\nActivity of cort cambium & phellogen:
\nPhellogen cuts off cells on both sides. The outer cells differentiate into cork or phellem while the inner cells differentiate into secondary cortex or phelloderm.<\/p>\n
\nThe cork is impervious to water due to suberin deposition in the cell wall. The cells of secondary cortex are parenchymatous. Phellogen, phellem, and phelloderm are together known as periderm.<\/p>\n
\nIt is found exterior to the vascular cambium, including secondary phloem. Bark that is formed early in the season is called early or soft bark. Towards the end of the season late or hard bark is formed.<\/p>\n
\nAt certain regions, the phellogen cut off closely arranged parenchymatous cells on the outer side instead of cork cells. These cells rupture the epidermis, and forms openings called lenticels. It helps in the exchange of gases between the outer atmosphere and the internal tissue of the stem.
\n<\/p>\n
\nCan you think of formation of vascular cambium is completely secondary in origin?
\nIn the dicot root, the vascular cambium is completely secondary in origin. lt occurs in the later stages of growth. It originates from the tissue located just below the phloem bundles and a portion of pericycle tissue, opposite to protoxylem forming a complete and continuous wavy ring, which later becomes circular.<\/p>\n
\n<\/p>\nPlus One Botany Notes<\/a><\/h4>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"