{"id":38816,"date":"2024-02-17T05:30:05","date_gmt":"2024-02-17T00:00:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/?p=38816"},"modified":"2024-02-17T14:54:57","modified_gmt":"2024-02-17T09:24:57","slug":"plus-one-botany-notes-chapter-3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/plus-one-botany-notes-chapter-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Plus One Botany Notes Chapter 3 Morphology of Flowering Plants"},"content":{"rendered":"

Kerala Plus One Botany Notes Chapter 3 Morphology of Flowering Plants<\/h2>\n

Define Morphology:
\nIt is study of external features of a plant i.e presence of roots, stems, leaves, flowers and fruits.<\/p>\n

The Root:<\/span>
\nRoot system:
\nIn dicotyledonous plants, the direct elongation of the radicle leads to the formation of primary root which bears lateral roots that are secondary, tertiary, etc.
\n\"Plus
\n1. Tap root system:
\nThe radical elongate and forms primary root or tap root that bears number of lateral roots. It is found in dicot root. eg: the mustard plant.<\/p>\n

2. Fibrous root system:
\nIn monocotyledonous plants, the primary root is short lived from there thin fibre roots originates. eg: wheat plant.<\/p>\n

3. Adventitious roots:
\nIn grass, Monstera and the banyan tree, roots arise from parts of the plant other than the radicle.
\n\"Plus<\/p>\n

Regions of the Root:<\/span>
\n1. Region of Root cap:
\nIt is the covering of root apex that protects the tender apex.<\/p>\n

2. Region of Meristem:
\nThis is the region just behind the the root cap that is capable of active cell division.<\/p>\n

3. Region of elongation:
\nThe cells proximal to this region undergo rapid elongation and enlargement for the growth<\/p>\n

4. Region of maturation:
\nThis is proximal to the region of elongation gradually differentiate and mature<\/p>\n

5. Region root hairs:
\nFrom the region of maturation root hairs arise. These root hairs absorb water and minerals from the soil.
\n\"Plus<\/p>\n

Modifications of Root:<\/span>
\nRoots are modified for<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Mechanical support<\/li>\n
  2. Storage of food<\/li>\n
  3. Respiration<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    1. Mechanical support:
    \n(a) Prop roots:
    \nIn banyan tree, adventitious roots are modified and provide mechanical support<\/p>\n

    (b) Stilt roots:
    \nIn maize and sugarcane adventitious roots are supporting and coming out from the lower nodes of the stem. .<\/p>\n

    2. Storage of food:
    \nIn carrot, turnips tap roots are modified for food storage. In sweet potato adventitious roots are swollen and store food.<\/p>\n

    3. Respiration:
    \nRhizophora growing in swampy areas, many roots come out of the ground and grow vertically upwards. Such roots are called pneumatophores.
    \nFunction:
    \nIt help in the process of respiration.
    \n\"Plus
    \n\"Plus<\/p>\n

    The Stem:<\/span>
    \nSalient features:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. The stem arise from the plumule of the embryo of a germinating seed.<\/li>\n
    2. The stem bears nodes and internodes.<\/li>\n
    3. The region of the stem where leaves are born are called nodes while internodes are the portions between two nodes.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Function:
      \nSupport leaves, flowers and fruits. It also conducts water, minerals and do photosynthesis.<\/p>\n

      Modifications of Stem:<\/span>
      \n1. Storage of food:
      \nUnderground stems of potato, ginger, turmeric, zaminkand, Colocasia are modified to store food<\/p>\n

      2. Climbing:
      \nStem tendrils which develop from axillary buds, are slender and spirally coiled that help the plants to climb. eg: in gourds (cucumber, pumpkins, watermelon) and grapevines.<\/p>\n

      3. Protection:
      \nAxillary buds of stem are modified into woody, straight and pointed thorns. eg: in Citrus, Bougainvillea Thev nrotect Dlants from browsina animals
      \n\"Plus
      \n4. Photosynthesis:
      \nSome stems are lattened (Opuntia), or fleshy cylindrical (Euphorbia) structures. They contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis.<\/p>\n

      5. Vegetative propagation:<\/p>\n