\n(d) Verghese Kurien<\/td>\n | (iv) Milk Cooperatives<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n Question 9. \nWhich two differences between India and China led to an army conflict in 1962?<\/p>\n Question 10. \nWhy did senior Congress leader support Indira Gandhi as Prime Minister after the death of Lai Bahadur Shastri?<\/p>\n Question 11. \nExplain the problems that India have with Pakistan.<\/p>\n Question 12. \n\u201cMilitary rule and democracy are the two sides of a coin in Pakistan\u201d. Examine the statement.<\/p>\n Question 13. \nWhat are the functions of Security Council?<\/p>\n Question 14. \nEvaluate the consequences of declaration of Emergency in 1975?<\/p>\n Question 15. \nWhat is the Right to Information Act? When was it passed in India? Write in brief.<\/p>\n Question 16. \nWhat was the main outcome of Rajiv Gandhi Longowal accord in July 1985?<\/p>\n Question 17. \nRead the passage carefully and answer the questions that follow: \nAt the most simple level, globalisation results in an erosion of state capacity, that is, the ability of government to do what they do. All over the world, the old welfare state\u2019 is now giving way to a more minimalist state that performs certain core functions such as the maintenance of law and order and the security of its citizens. However, it withdraws from many of its earlier welfare functions directed at economic and social well-being. In place of the welfare state, it is the market that becomes the prime determinant of economic and social priorities. The entry and the increased role of multinational companies all over the world leads to a reduction in the capacity of governments to take decisions on their own. \n(i) What do the words erosion of the state capacity \u2018mean\u2019? Give an example. \n(ii) Why does the concept of welfare state favour to a minimalist state? \n(iii) How has market become the main determinant of social priorities?<\/p>\n Question 18. \nRead the passage given below carefully and answer the questions: \nWhat does independence consist of? It consists fundamentally and basically of foreign relations. That is the test of independence. All else is local autonomy. Once foreign relations go out of your hands into the charge of somebody else, to that extent and in that measure you are not independent. Jawaharlal Nehru \n(i) What does the extract signify? \n(ii) What is not an independence as per Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru? \n(iii) What did India do to maintain its sovereignty?<\/p>\n Question 19. \nStudy the picture given below and answer the questions that follow: \n \n(i) Who has been represented by cartoon wearing cap? \n(ii) What does this cartoon try to speak? \n(iii) Which event can be correlated with this cartoon? \n(iv) \u2018You posed a potential threat’. What does this refer?<\/p>\n Question 20. \nRead the passage given below carefully and answer the questions: \nThere were many acts of dissent and resistance to the Emergency. Many political workers who were not arrested in the first wave, went \u2018underground\u2019 and organised protests against the government. Newspapers like the Indian Express and the Statesman protested against censorship by leaving blank spaces where news items had been censored. Magazines like the Seminar and the Mainstream chose to close down rather than submit to censorship. Many journalists were arrested for writing against the Emergency. Any underground newsletters and leaflets were published to bypass censorship. Kannada writer Shivarama Karanth, awarded with Padma Bhushan, and Hindi writer Phanishwarnath Renu, awarded with Padma Shri, returned their awards in protest against the suspension of democracy. By and large, though, such open acts of defiance and resistance were rare. \n(i) Why did people began to protest against government? \n(ii) Which newspapers protested against censorship? \n(iii) How did these newspapers protest against censorship? \n(iv) How did writers protest against the emergency? \n(v) Which magazines protested against censorship?<\/p>\n Question 21. \nIn the outline political map of India given below, five states have been marked as (A), (g), \u00a9, (0) and \u00a9. With the help of the information given below, identify them and write their correct names in your answer book along with the serial number of the information used and the related alphabet in the map. \n \n(i) The state to which C. Rajagopalachari, the first Indian Governor-General of India, belonged. \n(ii) The state where the first non-Congress Government was formed by E.M.S. N amboodiripad. \n(iii) The state to which Rafi Ahmed Kidwai, the Union Minister for Food and Agriculture (1952-54) belonged. \n(iv) The state which faced the most acute food crisis in 1965-1967. \n(v) The state which led the country to White Revolution through Dairy Cooperative Movement.<\/p>\n Question 22. \nDefine the various treaties to control arms. \nOR<\/strong> \nExamine the consequences of disintegration of the USSR for countries like India.<\/p>\nQuestion 23. \nMention any four significant changes in Indo-China relations that have taken place after the Cold War. \nOR<\/strong> \nIdentify and explain any four new sources of threats to security.<\/p>\nQuestion 24. \nExplain the importance and role of concept common but differentiated pertaining to environment. \nOR<\/strong> \nExplain any three benefits of globalisation with examples.<\/p>\nQuestion 25. \nDefine the Planning Commission and the first Five Year Plan in brief. What were the basic outcomes of the First Five Year Plan? \nOR<\/strong> \nDiscuss about the Bangladesh war of 1971.<\/p>\nQuestion 26. \nWrite a short note on: \n(a) Garibi Hatao \n(b) Indira Hatao \n(c) Grand Alliance \nOR \n<\/strong>How did Naxalites organise themselves? Examine the conditions responsible for the growth of Naxalite Movement in India. Evaluate its role in Indian politics.<\/p>\nQuestion 27. \nDifferentiate between party based movements and non-party based movements. \nOR<\/strong> \nWhat are the various positions on the issue of regional autonomy for Kashmir? Which of these do you think are justifiable? Give reasons for your answer.<\/p>\nAnswers<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\nAnswer 1. \nIndia\u2019s policy of Non-alignment was not a policy of \u2018fleeing away\u2019 instead India was in favour of actively intervening in world affairs to soften Cold War rivalries and prevented differences from escalating into a full scale war.<\/p>\n Answer 2. \nRussia.<\/p>\n Answer 3. \nA naval base in Cuba set up by the US where prisoners forbidden of the protection of international law or law of their own country or that of the US.<\/p>\n Answer 4. \nPrincely States were ruled by princes who employed some form of control over their internal affairs under the supremacy of the British.<\/p>\n Answer 5. \nBharatiya Jana Sangh.<\/p>\n Answer 6. \nMarshall Plan was introduced in 1948 by America to provide financial help for revival of European economy.<\/p>\n Answer 7. \nAims and goals of Socialist Party of India :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- The Socialist Party believed in the ideology of democratic socialism to be distinguished from the Congress and Communists both.<\/li>\n
- It criticised the Congress for ignoring the workers and peasants. It became difficult for Socialist Party to prove itself as an effective alternative to the Congress because Congress Party declared its goal to be the socialist pattern of society in 1955.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Answer 8. \n(a) – (iii), \n(b) – (i), \n(c) – (ii), \n(d) – (iv)<\/p>\n Answer 9.<\/p>\n \n- Serious conflict arose when China annexed Tibet in 1950 and removed a historical buffer between two nation and India did not oppose this openly.<\/li>\n
- Another border dispute arose when China claimed Aksai Chin Area and NEFA (much of the state in Arunachal Pradesh) within the Indian territory.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Answer 10. \nBecause :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Indira Gandhi was the daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru and she had been Congress President in the past and had also been Union Minister for Information in Shastri\u2019s Cabinet. ‘<\/li>\n
- The senior leaders presumed that her administrative and political inexperience would compel her to dependent on them for support and guidance.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Answer 11. \nIndia have following problems with Pakistan:<\/p>\n \n- The problem of Kashmir on the issues of Pak occupied Kashmir (PoK) and Line of Control (LOC). India claims Kashmir to be its integral part and Pakistan refuses to accept it. Hence, wars took place in 1965 and 1971, but issue remained unsettled.<\/li>\n
- Problems over starting issues like control of Siachin Glacier and over acquisition of arms involved both the states acquiring nuclear weapons and missiles to deliver such arms against each other in 1990s.<\/li>\n
- Pakistan government has been blamed for using a strategy of low key violence by helping Kashmiri militants with arms, training, money and protection to carry out terrorist strikes against India.<\/li>\n
- Pak\u2019s spy agency Inter Services Intelligence (ISI) is alleged to involve in various anti India campaigns.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Answer 12. \nMilitary rule and democracy co-exist or are the two sides of a coin can be examined with the following facts:<\/p>\n \n- After the implementation of first constitution in Pakistan, General Ayub Khan took the command, but was overthrown by military General Yahya Khan due to dissatisfaction of rule.<\/li>\n
- Again in 1971, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto formed an elected government which was later removed by General Zia-ul-Haq in 1977.<\/li>\n
- 1982 onwards, pro-democracy movements took place resulting an elected democratic government in 1988 under leadership of Benazir Bhutto, replaced by Nawaz Sharif.<\/li>\n
- Nawaz Sharif was again removed by General Pervez Musharraf in 1999 and in 2005, he got himself elected as President but was later dethroned by the court.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Answer 13. \nIts main function is to maintain peace and security in the world and the other functions are as follows:<\/p>\n \n- The Security Council recommends methods to adjust disputes among nations.<\/li>\n
- Security Council can take military action if required.<\/li>\n
- Security Council elects the judges of International Court of Justice and appoints the Secretary General by recommending to the General Assembly.<\/li>\n
- Security Council can apply economic sanction also to stop any aggression.<\/li>\n
- The Security Council can investigate the disputes in case a friction arises.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Answer 14.<\/p>\n \n- It affected civil liberties of peoples i.e. in April 1976 it was proved that the government could take away citizens\u2019 right to life and liberty by overruling of High Courts under Supreme Court and accepted government\u2019s plea.<\/li>\n
- The 42nd Amendment was also passed to bring a series of changes in the Constitution.<\/li>\n
- It affected the functioning of mass media also as press censorship took place which banned freedom of press and newspapers, which were supposed to prior approval before they publish any material.<\/li>\n
- Despite of filing many petitions government claimed it not to be necessary to be informed on the grounds to arrested persons.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Answer 15. \nThe \u2018Right to Information Act\u2019 is a law to empower the people to find out happenings in government and act as a watchdog of democracy:<\/p>\n \n- It was passed in June 2005 by the Government of India, and it came into force in October 2005.<\/li>\n
- This Act ensures its citizens all information about functioning of government machinery.<\/li>\n
- This right has been expanded to cover various services provided by government i.e., if any purchased product is defective it can be asked for replacement.<\/li>\n
- This right gives political actors incentives to good things to help to control corruption.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Answer 16. \nMain Outcome :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- Chandigarh would be transferred to Punjab.<\/li>\n
- To appoint a separate commission to resolve border dispute between Punjab and Haryana.<\/li>\n
- To set up a tribunal to settle down the sharing of Ravi-Beas river water among Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan.<\/li>\n
- To provide agreement for compensation to better treatment to those affected by militancy in Punjab.<\/li>\n
- To withdraw the Armed Forces Special Power Act in Punjab.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
But peace could not be established easily in Punjab and resulted as follows :<\/strong><\/p>\n\n- It led to many excesses by police and violation of human rights.<\/li>\n
- It fragmented the Akali Dal.<\/li>\n
- The President\u2019s Rule was imposed and normal political process was suspended.<\/li>\n
- Hence, political process could not be restored in this atmosphere. Even during elections in 1992, only 24% electors turned out to vote. Consequently above mentioned added to tension between Punjab and its neighbouring states.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Answer 17.<\/p>\n \n- Globalisation results in an erosion of state capacity. It means the ability of government to do what they do, e.g., when major economic events take place, their effect is felt outside their immediate local national or regional environment at the global level.<\/li>\n
- The concept of\u2018welfare state\u2019 is giving way to minimalist state across the world. The minimalist state performs certain core functions such as the maintenance of law and order and the security of its citizens.<\/li>\n
- Market becomes the main determinant of economic and social priorities. The entry and the increased role of multinational companies across the world leads to a reduction in the capacity of governments to take self decisions.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
Answer 18.<\/p>\n \n- The above extract signifies the non-alignment policy of India.<\/li>\n
- When foreign relations go out of the hands of a country into the charge of somebody else, to that extent, one is not independent.<\/li>\n
- When India achieved its freedom and started forming its foreign policy, it followed non-alignment policy to pursue its national interests within international context.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Answer 19.<\/p>\n \n- The USA<\/li>\n
- The US hegemony<\/li>\n
- The US response to 9\/11 attack against Al-Qaeda and Taliban.<\/li>\n
- 9\/11 attack was an attack on the US hegemony and in response they launched operation Enduring Freedom to teach a lesson to the countries if it is dared to repeat.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Answer 20.<\/p>\n |