{"id":25959,"date":"2018-06-05T06:45:39","date_gmt":"2018-06-05T06:45:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/?p=25959"},"modified":"2020-11-17T11:39:53","modified_gmt":"2020-11-17T06:09:53","slug":"icse-solutions-for-class-9-history-and-civics-the-reformation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/icse-solutions-for-class-9-history-and-civics-the-reformation\/","title":{"rendered":"ICSE Solutions for Class 9 History and Civics – The Reformation"},"content":{"rendered":"
ICSE Solutions<\/a>Selina ICSE Solutions<\/a>ML Aggarwal Solutions<\/a><\/p>\n EXERCISES<\/strong><\/p>\n Question 1.<\/span><\/strong> Question 2.<\/span><\/strong> Question 3.<\/span><\/strong> Question 4.<\/span><\/strong> Question 5.<\/span><\/strong> Question 6.<\/span><\/strong> Question 7.<\/span><\/strong> Question 8.<\/span><\/strong> Question 9.<\/span><\/strong> Question 10.<\/span><\/strong> Question 11.<\/span><\/strong> Question 12.<\/span><\/strong> Question 13.<\/span><\/strong> Question 14.<\/span><\/strong> Question 15.<\/span><\/strong> Question 16.<\/span><\/strong> Question 17.<\/span><\/strong> Question 18.<\/span><\/strong> Question 19.<\/span><\/strong> Question 20.<\/span><\/strong> Question 21.<\/span><\/strong> Sturctured Questions<\/strong><\/p>\n Question 1.<\/span><\/strong> Question 2.<\/span><\/strong> (b) Spread of New Learning:<\/strong> Question 3.<\/span><\/strong> Question 4.<\/span><\/strong> (b) His success in mobilising princes\u2019 and peoples\u2019 support:<\/strong> Question 5.<\/span><\/strong> Question 6.<\/span><\/strong> Question 7.<\/span><\/strong> (b) His large Following in Europe:<\/strong> Question 8.<\/span><\/strong> After an intensive debate, Zwingli brought the majority of the people over to his side. In course of time, most of the Swiss Cantons (Provinces) were on Zwingli\u2019s side. Only the rural communities (Forest Cantons) continued to cling to old emotional values. The conflict erupted into open warfare between Catholics and the Protestant troops. Zwingli was killed at the Battle of Kappel in 1531. Written on his gravestone are the words: \u201cThey may kill the body but not the soul.\u201d<\/p>\n (b) Zwingli\u2019s Teachings:<\/strong> Question 9.<\/span><\/strong> Question 10.<\/span><\/strong> ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n Short Answer Questions:<\/strong><\/p>\n Question 1.<\/span><\/strong> Question 2.<\/span><\/strong> Question 3.<\/span><\/strong> Question 4.<\/span><\/strong> Question 5.<\/span><\/strong> Question 6.<\/span><\/strong>
\nWhat do you understand by the term \u2018Reformation\u2019?
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u2018Reformation\u2019 was a religious Movement launched by Martin Luther. It protested against the dogmas of Roman Catholic Church.<\/p>\n
\nMention two important causes of the Reformation.
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\nTwo important causes of the Reformation are:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
\nWhat is meant by the Sale of Indulgences?
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\nTetzel, who was sent to Germany by Pope, he used to sell Indulgences, offering pardon to those who paid money. This practice of his is said to be the Sale of Indulgences.<\/p>\n
\nHow did the Pope Leo X try to collect funds for building St. Peter\u2019s Basilica?
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\nThe Pope Leo X, tried to collect funds for building St. Peter\u2019s Basilica by sending missionaries to sell Indulgences.<\/p>\n
\nName the English priest who translated the Holy Bible into English.
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\nWycliff.<\/p>\n
\nWho started the revolt against the authority of the Church in Germany?
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\nMartin Luther.<\/p>\n
\nWhy did Marin Luther object to the power of Pope?
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\nThe Pope used to forgive sins of all that paid, regardless of whether they sincerely regretted their actions, which made Martin Luther to raise his objection against the power of the Pope.<\/p>\n
\nWhy was Martin Luthur Excommunicated from the Church?
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\nMartin Luther was very much against the worldliness of the Pope Leo X, the Clergy and the spiritual emptiness of the Catholic Church. All his resentment provoked the Pope and he declared Martin Luther as a heretic and sent a letter, warning him that he would be excommunicated from the Church. Martin Luther defiantly burnt the Papal\u2019s Bull of Excommunication in the presence of the public at Writen berg on December 10, 1520, theory marking his revolt.<\/p>\n
\nWho translated the Holy Bible from Latin into German language?
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\nMartin Luther translated the Holy Bible from Latin to German language.<\/p>\n
\nWhat was the immediate cause of the division of the Roman Catholic Church?
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\nThe Reformation in Europe was the immediate cause of the division of the Roman Catholic church.<\/p>\n
\nWhich are the two factions of the Church?
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\nThe Roman Catholic and the Protestant.<\/p>\n
\nWhat were the two main decision made by the Council of Trent?
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\nThe Council of Trent took up steps to enforce strict discipline among the Church officials. The sale of Church offices were stopped. It condemned and prohibited Sale of Indulgences. Seminars were to be started for imparting education and training to priests. The Church should not charge any fees for conducting religious services; sermons should be preached in the language of the people.<\/p>\n
\nWho founded the Society of Jesus?
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\nIgnatius Loyola, a Spanish nobleman founded the Society of Jesus.<\/p>\n
\nWhat were the important terms of the peace of Augsburg\u00a0 in 1555?
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\nThe important terms of the peace of Augsburg in 1555 were:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
\nWho heralded the Protestant Movement in Switzerland?
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\nUlrich Zwingli heralded the Protestant Movement in Switzerland.<\/p>\n
\nWhat did the Puritans want people to do?
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\nPuritans condemned and prohibited Sale of Indulgences. Seminaries were to be started for importing education and training to priests. The Church should not charge any fees for conducting religious services; sermons should be preached in the language of the people.<\/p>\n
\nMention the names of two Jesuit missionaries who helped in restoring the prestige of the Catholic Church.
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\nSt. Francis Xavier and Loyola.<\/p>\n
\nWhat is meant by the term \u2018Nation-State\u2019?
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\nThe Nation State refers to a country with well defined natural boundaries, having people with common history, culture and character.<\/p>\n
\nHow Reformation led to the formation of Nation-States in Europe.
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\nAs the Protestant revolt grew in strength, many rulers who wanted to be freed of leading-strings of the Pope sided with Martine Luther or Calvin. Many European kings now declared themselves as Head of the Church as well as of the Government. The kings had already crushed the feudal lords. Now another great rival of the Crown i.e., the Church also submitted to King\u2019s authority. That completed the edifice of a National-State.<\/p>\n
\nWhat was \u2018Mercantilism\u2019?
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\nMercantilism meant \u2018complete government control over trade, commerce and industry.\u2019<\/p>\n
\nMention the main point on which Luther and Zwingli disagreed.
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\nThe \u2018Lord\u2019s Supper\u2019 was the main point on which Luther and Zwingli disagreed.<\/p>\n
\nThe Movement against the Roman Catholic Church is called the Reformation. Discuss its causes with reference to the following:
\n(a) Sale of Indulgences
\n(b) Tithe
\n(c) Raising Funds to build St. Peter\u2019s Basilica
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\n(a) Sale of Indulgences:
\n<\/strong> Another way of collecting money was the sale of letters which remitted punishment for sin. Those who had money would be made free from doing penance for their sins by buying a Letter of Indulgence. The clergy claimed that those who bought the Indulgences got remission of their sins by God.
\n(b) Tithe:
\n<\/strong> The people were required to pay \u2018tithe\u2019 (one-tenth of their income) to support churches and priests. Besides, the clergy collected another tax called \u2018Peter\u2019s pence\u2019 from the people. The burden fell mainly on the peasants and the middle class families.
\n(c) Raising Funds to build St. Peter\u2019s Basilica:<\/strong>
\nPope Leo X wanted to build St. Peter\u2019s Basilica (Church) with the new architectural designs. He sent emissaries to sell Indulgences and to collect funds for the new project. John Tetzel, an agent of the Pope, went to Writen berg with the mission of raising sums for the building. It provoked Martin Luther.<\/p>\n
\nHow did the following causes contribute to the 16th- century Reformation Movement in Europe:
\n(a) Humanist Movement
\n(b) Spread of New Learning
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\n(a) Humanist Movement:<\/strong>
\nThe pretensions of the Church was much discredited by Humanist Movement. Reuchlin and Erasmus criticised the Church for its corruption and worldly business. Reuchlin brought to light many inconsistencies in the interpretation of the Bible that were made by theological scholars. The Dutch scholar Erasmus, criticized the conduct of the clergy and he wanted them to change their lifestyle. Unfortunately, Pope Leo X could not see the danger signal.<\/p>\n
\nThe New Learning and the spirit of inquiry that was developed by the Renaissance scholars, the invention of printing press and printing of Bible in vernacular languages brought a complete change in people\u2019s outlook. They now questioned superiority of the Church. It also led to the growth of secular ideas. Nobles and merchants believed that there was nothing wrong in acquiring wealth to lead a worldly life. The monarchs and capitalists were jealous of the wealth of the Church. The common people in Europe looked upon Church- taxes with contempt.<\/p>\n
\nEarly in the sixteenth century there rose in Germany Martin Luther who became the great leader of the Reformation Movement. In this context describe:
\n(a) Luther\u2019s Beliefs and Doctrines
\n(b) Luther\u2019s Theses
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\n(a) Luther\u2019s Beliefs and Doctrines:<\/strong> Martin Luther belonged to a peasant family of Saxony, in Germany. After his theological education in the University of St. Augustine in 1505, he was appointed a Professor of Theology at Writenberg University. His thorough knowledge of the Bible, led him to believe that man could attain salvation only by repentance. Salvation is the Gift of God, and can be had if the penance be done. Luther questioned Tetzel\u2019s authority to sell Indulgences and he had at once the moral support of many princes and ordinary people alike.He was shocked to learn the worldliness of the Pope, the clergy and the spiritual shallowness after he visited Rome. In 1517, he nailed on the door of the Castle-Church at Writenberg, ninety-five these is (statements), which he thought, people should know and think about carefully. The first thesis was : When our Lord and Master Jesus Christ says Repent, he means that the entire life of believers should be a repentance ?\u2019\u2019 Luther\u2019s insistence was that, Tetzel was quite unscrupulous in his misinterpretation of Scripture. He questioned the power of the Pope and priests to forgive sins of all who paid, regardless of whether they sincerely regretted their actions.
\n(b)<\/strong>
\nWhen Luther visited Rome he was grieved to witness the worldliness of the Pope and the Clergy. In 1517 he nailed on the door of the Castle-Church at Writenberg Ninety-five Theses (Statements), which he thought people should know and think about carefully. The first Thesis was : \u201cWhen our Lord and Master Jesus Christ says Repent, he means that the entire life of belivers should be a repentance.\u201d All other Statements were an elaboration of this Thesis. Luther questioned the powers of Pope and priests to forgive sins of all who paid\/regardless of whether they sincerely regretted their actions.<\/p>\n
\nLutheran Church was the Protestant Church founded on the doctrines of Martin Luther. In this context describe:
\n(a) Luther\u2019s Excommunication by the Pope
\n(b) His success in mobilising Princes\u2019 and People\u2019s support
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\n(a) His Excommunication:<\/strong>
\nPope Leo X, declared Martin Luther as a heretic and sent a letter, warning him that he would be excommunicated from the Church. He defiantly burnt the Papal\u2019s Bull of Excommunication in the presence of the public at Wittenberg on December 10, 1520, thereby making his revolt. In 1521, Emperor Charles V summoned Luther to attend the Diet at Worms to answer charges levelled against him by the Pope. Though his friends and well-wishers persuaded him not\/to attend, Luther appeared before the Diet to defy the Church. He boldly declared that he would not revoke any of his statements as his conscience \u201cis taken captive by the word of God.\u201d The Emperor issued the famous Edict of Worms, declaring Luther as heretic and ordered for his arrest.<\/p>\n
\nFrederick the Wise, Duke of Saxony, saved Luther\u2019s life by forcing him to hide. Luther spent one year in a lonely castle during which time, he translated the Holy Bible from Latin to German. Many German princes who supported Luther, raised their banner of revolt against the authority of the Church and formed a League to ‘protect Luther. Those who favored the new protest movement, broke away from the Catholic Church and came to be known as Protestants. Lutheran Churches were established all over the country. It divided Germany into two factions-one group, under Emperor Charles V and the other group, under the Protestant rulers of Germany. It led to religious conflict, which took a heavy toll and ended in the Peace of Augsburg in 1555. The Peace acknowledged the right of a ruler to determine his state- religion. Lutheran subjects in Catholic states in Germany were not asked to renounce their faith. Thus, the power and prestige of the Catholic Church led by the Pope suffered a serious setback.<\/p>\n
\nA series of measures were taken to restore the reputation of the Catholic Church. In this context answer the following questions:
\n(a) What is known as Counter-Reformation ?
\n(b) What measures were taken to introduce reforms in the Catholic Church ?
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\nIn context of measures taken to restore the reputation of Catholic Chinch, the given questions are answered as under:
\n(a)
\n<\/strong>The Reformation movement greatly damaged the very foundation of the Roman Catholic Church in the 16th century and brought about the birth of the Protestant Church. In order to restore the reputation of the Catholic Church, a large number of dedicated ^Christians; including some Popes, had adopted certain reforms within the Church. A Church Council was convened at Trent, in northern Italy in 1545 by Pope Paul<\/span><\/span>\u00a0III
\n(b)<\/strong>
\n<\/span><\/span>The Council of Trent took up strict measures to maintain discipline among the Church officials. The sale of Church offices was stopped. It condemned and prohibited Sale of Indulgences. Seminaries were to be started for importing education and training to priests. The Church should not charge any fees for conducting- religious services; sermons should be preached in the language of the people.The Society of Jesus was founded by Ignatius Loyola, a Spanish noble man. He took a vow to serve Christ and turned into a Missionary after studying the life of Jesus Christ and other saints. He studied theology in Sorbonne University. He founded a religious Order by the name Society of Jesus with the permission of the Pope.St. Francis Xavier was one of the Jesuit followers of Ignatius Loyola. He went to China and Japan for the propagation of Christianity. He came to India and worked till he died. His mortal – remains were placed at the Church of Bom Jesus in old Goa. The selfless and dedicated service rendered by the Jesuits helped in restoring the prestige of the Roman Catholic Church.<\/p>\n
\nExplain the impact and consequences of the Reformation under the following headings:
\n(a) How Reformation led to the formation of Nation-States?
\n(b) How did the rulers of Nation-States work on Mercantilist theories ?
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\n(a)<\/strong>
\nReformation gave rise to nationalism, particularly in Germany and England. Rulers declared them as heads of Church and government. Control on the. Church caused a common national government within the Nation States.
\n(b)<\/strong>
\nMercantilism was a theory that the state should regulate economic activities in order to achieve some national objectives. It should follow the policy of \u2018Protectionism\u2019. Large nation-states had come into existence in England, France, Spain and Portugal. The rulers of these countries had imposed numerous restrictions on international trade in the national interest. Under the influence of mercantilist theories, the governments encouraged \u2018Protectionism\u2019, which meant\u00a0 protecting home producers from foreign competition by taxing imported goods.<\/p>\n
\nJohn Calvin was one of the later leaders of the Protestant Movement. In this context. Explain the following:
\n(a) Calvin\u2019s Teachings.
\n(b) His large following in Europe.
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\nJohn Calvin was one of the later leaders of the Protestant Movement, In this context, the given headings are explained as follows:
\n(a) Calvin\u2019s Teachings:<\/strong>
\nCalvin insisted upon the strict interpretation of the Bible. He enjoined upon all his followers a strict Code of Conduct. Places of worship were made as simple as possible and many amusements and leisurely activities were forbidden.Calvin\u2019s important teaching was that of the Doctrine of Predestination, which he popularised in his book \u2018Institutes of the Christian Religion\u2019. This work was dedicated to the French King, Francis I. The Doctrine of Predestination stresses that it is divinely ordained that God has chosen His own Elect and man\u2019s good works in themselves are not sufficient to ensure the Granting of Grace. God will grant righteousness to those who believe in Him, for it is by the Grace of God that man is saved.<\/p>\n
\nCalvin\u2019s ideas and doctrines spread widely. He founded the University of Geneva. The distinguished scholars, who studied at this University spread Calvinism to Netherlands, Hungary, France, England and Scotland. Calvin\u2019s teachings became the basis of the Presbyterian Church in Scotland. The followers of Calvin were the first English Puritans. \u201cIn their zeal for a simple form of Church service\u201d, said Dr. Tickner, \u201cthey objected to surplice or fasting, to the use of marriage ring or baptismal cross…… or to music or procession.\u201d Calvin was so intolerant, he persecuted and severely punished those who were free-thinkers and did not agree with his doctrines. The religion, which Calvin established, did not bring religious liberty to Europe.<\/p>\n
\nZwingli heralded the Protestant Movement in Switzerland. In this context describe.
\n(a) Main events of his life, (b) Zwingli\u2019s Teachings.
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\nZwingli heralded the Protestant Movement in Switzerland. In this context, the given heads are described below:
\n(a<\/strong>)\u00a0Main events of his life:<\/strong>
\nUlrich Zwingli heralded the, Protestant Movement in Switzerland. He was a contemporary of Martin Luther. Born at Wildhaus in 1484, he was trained as a priest. Glarus was the first town, where he became a clergyman in 1514. He studied the Greek text of the New Testament authored by Erasmus. In 1518, he became a priest at the Cathedral in Zurich. By 1520, he had become convinced of the need for reforming the Church. He developed his Protestant Theology and preached against the sale of The Catholic Bishop of Zurich tried to silence Zwingli. But by that time, he had become a \u201cPeoples\u2019 Priest\u201d. The civil authorities intervened at this stage. They took charge of city\u2019s religious affairs and called a Public Debate to decide whether people should accept Catholicism or Zwingli\u2019s Protestantism.<\/p>\n
\nZwingli accepted the Bible\u2019s supremacy as the \u201cUniversal Priesthood of all Believers.\u201d That means, priests did not constitute a class separate from lay people. All Believers should be regarded as priests. Zwingli considered the Lord\u2019s Supper as a thanks-giving ceremony. According to him, the Gift of Gospel is God\u2019s biggest\u00a0\u00a0favor (Grace) for which Mankind is expressing it\u2019s Gratitude. He believed in \u201ctotal rebirth of humanity and society\u201d. He fought for people\u2019s right to control church and city\u2019s religious affairs.<\/p>\n
\nWhat were the results (Impacts) of the Reformation
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\nThe results (Impacts) of the Reformation were as follows:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
\nWhat forces and factors contributed to the rise of Nation-States in Europe ?
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\nThe forces and factors that contributed to the rise of Nation\u00ad States in Europe are as follows:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
\ni.e the Church also submitted to king\u2019s authority. That completed the edifice of a Nation-State. In England, it was king Henry VIII (1509-1547) who championed the cause of Protestantism. He got the English Parliament to pass the Act of Supremacy to nullify Pope\u2019s power over the churches in England. This made the king, the supreme Head of the Church of England.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
\nWhat is known as the Reformation ?
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\nIt is the 16th century movement in Europe for the reform of the Church and the objectionable practices of the clergyman.<\/p>\n
\nWhat are known as indulgences ?
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\nPope Leo X wanted to build St. Peter\u2019s Church. So he issued \u201cpardon certificates\u201d called \u2018Indulgences\u201d to those who gave money to build the Church. \u2018Indulgences\u2019 were letters which remitted punishments of the sinners who bought them, both in this life and after their death.<\/p>\n
\nWhat is known as the Protestant Movement ?
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\nIn the second quarter of 16th century, Martin Luther, a German clergyman and professor of Theology at University of Writenburg, openly criticised papacy (office of pope). He accused the Church for the sale of indulgences. In 1512, in a pilgrimage to Rome he found the clergymen living in luxurious life. He strongly opposed the Church. The \u2018Diet of Worms\u2019 (council of Princes and high dignitaries in 1521) ordered to burn the writings of Luther and to outlaw him. But the support of German rulers saved him and the movement was described as the German Protestant Movement.<\/p>\n
\nHow did Luther challenge the authority of the Church?
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\nLuther (1483-1546), openly challenged the Church, on the basis of false practices and drawbacks practiced by the Church and clergymen. He wrote 95 theses or statements dealing with the gap between the beliefs and practices of the Church and nailed them on the Church door at Writenburg.<\/p>\n
\nWhat is known as the Diet of Worms ? What did it decide about Luther ?
\nAnswer:<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u2018Diet of Worms\u2019 was a council of Princes and high dignitaries\u00a0in 1521, which ordered to burn the writings of Martin Luther and to outlaw him.<\/p>\n