C. Coliforms<\/strong>.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 1MC<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n- Fermentation would enable a partial digestion of the foods thereby leading to a reduced acidity level. Though this would lead to a reduction in the quantum of pathogenic microorganisms, it would not completely eliminate the entire microbial content from the food. Hence, the correct option is (c) sterilize foods<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
- Fermentation of food provides a characteristic taste because of the production of certain chemicals as a result of microbial metabolism. Hence, the option (a) is incorrect.<\/li>\n
- Fermentation lowers the acidity of the food stuff thereby aiding in the reduction the spoilage of food stuffs. Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.<\/li>\n
- With a reduction in acidity and with the addition of salt and sugar during fermentation of certain food stuffs, the water activity level required for the unexpected microbe to survive would be reduced drastically. This would ultimately increase the shelf life of the product formed. Hence, the option (d) is incorrect.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 1MTF<\/strong><\/span>
\nThe given statement is false<\/strong>.
\nFermentation of dairy products relies on lactic acid fermentation process and not on mixed acid fermentation. Mixed acid fermentation is an anaerobic fermentation process that results in the production of complex mixture of acids like acetate, lactate, formate, succinate, and ethanol. These acids are not produced in fermentation of dairy products.
\nHence, the correct statement is \u201cFermentation of dairy products relies on lactic acid fermentation.\u201d<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 2CT<\/strong><\/span>
\nA microbial growth could clearly be divided into a lag phase, log phase, stationary phase and a death phase. The lag phase is the time taken by the microbes when they are introduced into a new system. This is mainly to produce the enzymes and other growth factors necessary for the multiplication of the microbes. The log phase is where the microbes start multiplying exponentially. The next stage is the stationary phase where the number of new cells formed would be equivalent to the cells that dies. The last stage is the death phase, which would happen in a batch culture as a result of depletion of nutrients.
\nIt is at the log phase that the microbes start synthesizing the primary metabolites. This is the reason why the production of primary metabolites is higher on compared to the secondary metabolites. It is during this phase, the metabolic activity of the microbial cell would be at their peak. The secondary metabolites on the other hand would be synthesized during the stationary phase where the metabolic activities of the cells have reduced. This is the major reason why primary metabolites are always higher in their proportion on compared with the secondary metabolites.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 2FB<\/strong><\/span>
\nMost of the microbes are capable of growing and multiplying at room temperatures than at either very high or very low temperatures. The food gets spoiled, depending on the type of food. Moreover, increases the chances of the food to be spoiled when it is left at room temperature. For example, bread consists of carbohydrates its spoilage does not produce much odor, but promote the growth of fungi \u2013 molds. Additionally, if the food contains proteins or fats, spoiled food produce terrible odors, due to the breakdown of proteins into short-chained fatty acids.
\nThus, leaving foods out at room temperature increases<\/strong> the likelihood of food spoilage.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 2M<\/strong><\/span>
\nThe toxin Bt is produced by an organism Bacillus thuringeinsis. The toxin when sprayed on the plants is further fed by specific groups of insects. This would lead to damage the guts of the insects, ultimately killing them. Thus, it could be ascertained that compounds that are capable of killing an insect could only be matched against Bt toxin.
\nTherefore, the statement, \u201ccompound produced by a bacterium that kills insects\u201d matches with the term, \u201cBt toxin.\u201d
\nHence, the correct option is F. Bt toxin<\/strong>.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 2MC<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n- Since, the quantum of alcohol produced and the product formed will be different every time with naturally occurring microbes are used. The use of natural bacterial culture is neglected. Hence, the option (a) is incorrect.<\/li>\n
- Though yeast is used in the fermentation process, those occurring naturally on the surface of the grapes cannot be used for fermentation. This is because the quantum of microbial inoculum cannot be the same in all process including natural yeasts. Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.<\/li>\n
- Fermentation is a process during which the sugars present would be converted into alcohol, as a result of fungal enzymatic process. Yeast is said to be involved in the production of enzyme in the conversion process. Hence, the option (c) is incorrect.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 2MTF<\/strong><\/span>
\nThe given statement is False<\/strong>.
\nSauerkraut involves the fermentation of salted cabbage. This involves the action of lactic acid bacteria. Though the process of sauerkraut production is fermentation, the process ends up not with the production of ethanol, but with the lactic acid.
\nHence, the correct statement is \u201cSauerkraut production involves the lactic acid fermentation of cabbage.\u201d<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 3CT<\/strong><\/span>
\nEthanol, methane, and hydrogen could be used as an alternative fuel that could quench the needs of the present day. Ethanol could be produced through fermentation of molasses, which when mixed with petrol could be used as an alternative for gasoline. This is one of the ways, in which, we can reduce the usage of fossil fuels. But the production cost of ethanol is high and hence, it could be a hindrance for the consumers.
\nMethane is another gas that could be an effective alternative fuel. Methane could be combusted producing heat energy. But the limiting factor is that methane on combustion produces carbon dioxide and water. Since carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, the usage of methane gas is highly limited.
\nHydrogen gas is an effective alternative that could be produced from industrial wastes. This makes it one of the cheaper entities where the production cost becomes minimal. Hydrogen also has a high fuel value producing more than 140 kJ of energy. Also upon combustion, hydrogen produces pure water thus putting an end to the increase in the production of greenhouse gas. Hence, hydrogen alone could be an effective alternative that could quench the quantum of energy produced.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 3FB<\/strong><\/span>
\nIn batch and continuous fermentative system the process of formation of product remains same. The factor that differentiates the systems is the volume of fermentative medium. In case of a batch system, volume remains the same through fermentative process. But, as far as the continuous system is concerned, volume of the fermentative liquid varies.
\nAdditionally, in a continuous system, as soon as the product is formed it would be removed, and the volume displaced would be replaced by fresh medium. Hence, for both the process the equipment prepared would enable both batch and continuous fermentation to be performed.
\nThe two types of industrial fermentation equipment are designed for batch production<\/strong> or continuous production<\/strong>.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 3M<\/strong><\/span>
\nPotable water<\/strong> is referred to the water sample that is necessary for drinking. Moreover, potable refers to free organic and microbial contamination that makes it safe entity, for consumption. Thus, it could be ascertained that sample that is fit to drink is potable.
\nTherefore, the statement, \u201crefers to water that is fit to drink\u201d matches with the term, \u201cportable.\u201d Hence, the correct option is G. Potable<\/strong>.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 3MC<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n- Uncooked ground meat and fruit are highly perishable. Cheese comes next in the hierarchy which is semi-perishable food stuff. Pasta comes under non-perishable food stuff. Thus the right option is (c) uncooked ground beef, fruit, cheese, pasta<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
- In the view of sorting out foods, which are perishable to nonperishable, option (a) contains pasta as the first one, which is a nonperishable food. Hence, the option (a) is incorrect.<\/li>\n
- Pasta is one of the nonperishable food stuff. Since, it falls last in the hierarchy of food when arranged from a perishable to the non-perishable food. Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.<\/li>\n
- Though uncooked meat and fruit can be included in highly perishable foods, the inclusion of a non-perishable food (pasta) ahead of the semi-perishable food (cheese) makes the option (d) incorrect.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 3MTF<\/strong><\/span>
\nPasteurization<\/strong> is the process of subjecting the food to a short term pulse of heating process that would aid in the removal of pathogenic microbes from the food involved. This process was named after the Louis Pasteur for his work on pasteurization process. Pasteurization is intended to reduce the number of viable pathogenic organisms.
\nPasteurization is capable of reducing all the vegetative cells including the mesophiles and other pathogenic strains. The microbial load after pasteurization reduces significantly.
\nSince, pasteurization is a short time pulse of heating process; it cannot reduce the bacterial endospores, which are more heat resistant. Hence, the given statement is True<\/strong>.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 4CT<\/strong><\/span>
\nInsects feeding on non-Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) plants produces more offspring\u2019s than those that feed upon Bt plants. This creates a chance for a breeding between the insects that feed upon Bt plants and non-Bt plants, since they are adjacent to each other. The genes that are responsible for imbibing resistance to the Bt plants would thus be diluted when they are multiplied. The chances dominant gene occurring in the insect becomes reduced. This is the reason why the dissemination of resistance to Bt-toxin could reduce among insects.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 4FB<\/strong><\/span>
\nPotable water<\/strong> is referred to the water sample that is necessary for drinking. It refers to free organic and microbial contamination that makes it safe entity, for consumption. Since, coliforms are indicators of fecal contamination, it is highly important that the water to be consumed should be free from all the coliforms. Thus, it could be ascertained that sample that is fit to drink is potable. Thus, potable water is allowed to have zero<\/strong> coliforms per 100 ml of water tested.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 4M<\/strong><\/span>
\nMicrobial biofilm<\/strong> is formed as a result of the polysaccharide coat, which is formed by microbes. Moreover, they tend to bound microbes to the coat. Biofilms formed by aquatic microbes as the concentration of energy source available to the microbes, becomes very low. Biofilms are formed to cope up with energy requirements and to ensure that they are found near the surface of the water.
\nThus, the statement, \u201ccommunity of organisms surrounded by polysaccharides and attached to surfaces,\u201d matches to the term, \u201cbiofilm.\u201d Hence, the correct option O. Biofilm<\/strong>.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 4MC<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n- Hence, the correct option is (b) synthetic medium made by hand<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
- Corn is a natural substrate that could be used in the production unit, but the microbes have to make use of the nutrient source that is present in corn. Since, not many of the microbes could use corn as a sole source of energy. So, this cannot be used as an effective industrial growth medium. Hence, the option (a) is incorrect.<\/li>\n
- The spent liquid that is formed during cheese production is whey. It contains minimal sugar concentration that could not effectively be used as an efficient source of energy for the microbes, when it is involved in the synthesis of specific products. Hence, the option (c) is incorrect.<\/li>\n
- Brewing mash is said to be waste that is produced after microbial fermentation. Since it is one of the end products after fermentation, it is ascertained that the utilizable sugars that are a part of the source has already been utilized. The remaining solid mashes that cannot further be used for the saccharification of sugars are left out as waste. This cannot be used as an effective source of energy for the microbes that required adequate micro and macro nutrients for their development and product formation. Hence, the option (d) is incorrect.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 4MTF<\/strong><\/span>
\nMethane could be produced as a result of microbial metabolism of the methanogenic bacterial strains. Methane could be combusted directly and could be used as an effective alternative to house hold cooking gas. The only drawback of using methane is that it could add up to the existing carbon dioxide gas that could lead us to global warming. Hence, the given statement is True<\/strong>.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 5CT<\/strong><\/span>
\nFirst thing that strikes is the ethical factor that prevents us from using the treated wastewater for consumption. This is because the waste water could not only be produced as a result of industrial activities but also as a result of human activities. This leads to the mixing of fecal coliforms with the waste water being treated.
\nEven though treatment reduces the visible and invisible organic content, the microbes and more precisely the coliforms would not be removed. This makes it a vital reason why treated waste waters are not entering the water treatment used for the development of water consumption.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 5FB<\/strong><\/span>
\nCoal deposits are associated with reduced metal compounds such as pyrite. Strip-mining of coal exposes pyrite to oxygen and microbes oxidizes the iron. When the same component is exposed to bacteria Thiobacillus, they oxidize sulfur. However, the oxidized compounds are leached by rain water, produce sulfuric acid, and iron hydroxide. When the components are washed off through rain water it would lead in reduction of pH of the natural water system enough to kill fish, plants, and other organisms.
\nLeaching of compounds from mine tailings often results in the oxidation of two elements: iron <\/strong>and sulfur<\/strong>.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 5M<\/strong><\/span>
\nOxidation lagoon<\/strong> is one that is used in processing of animal wastes. The lagoons accomplish the equivalent reactions of primary and secondary treatment. In oxidation lagoons, wastes would be pumped into deeper parts and are left for three months. As a result of anaerobic oxidation, organic content would be degraded to simpler forms. The liquid wastes developed would be left at the top, for aerobic digestion.
\nThus, the statement, \u201cused in the processing of animal wastes, mimics primary, and secondary wastewater treatment,\u201d matches with the term, \u201coxidation lagoon.\u201d Hence, the correct option is I. Oxidation lagoon<\/strong>.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 5MC<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n- Poly-Hydroxy-Alkonate (a polymer) a storage product produced, which is similar in shape to the petroleum based product, could be used as an alternative biodegradable plastic. Hence, the correct option is (b) PHA<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
- Sludge is a component that comes out of the aeration tank. Sludge is a mixture of coarse organic content and microbial biomass. This cannot be used in the formation of biodegradable plastic. Hence, the option (a) is incorrect.<\/li>\n
- Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is the quantum of oxygen required by the microbes to reduce organic load in a water sample. BOD indirectly gives the load of organic content that is an integral part of the waste water system. This is in no way connected with biodegradable plastic, making option (c) incorrect.<\/li>\n
- Alum is a chemical that is used as a flocculation agent that aids in the removal of solid and other suspended biomass that forms a part of the water. This is one of the primary methods deployed in the treatment of waste water. It cannot be used in the production of biodegradable plastic. Hence, the option (d) is incorrect.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 5MTF<\/strong><\/span>
\nWater treatment is more or less the same for both drinking and sewage water. Both the procedures involve the primary (sedimentation), secondary (flocculation), and tertiary treatment (Chemical treatment) systems. Hence, the given statement is True<\/strong>.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 6CT<\/strong><\/span>
\nFood wastes (including vegetables), waste papers were the components that were predominantly found in the garbage. These components form the compostable wastes, which could be oxidized as by microbial action.
\nOn the other hand glass pieces, plastic bags, and metal pins are those which cannot be composted and that could be recycled. More than 85% of the wastes could be either recycled or could be composted making only about 15% to be left back without being recycled.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 6FB<\/strong><\/span>
\nBiogeochemical cycling involves three primary steps:<\/strong>
\nproduction, consumption, <\/strong>and decomposition<\/strong>.
\nBiogeochemical cycle involves the cycling of chemical elements from an unusable form to usable form. The unusable form would be converted from an inorganic form to an organic form, which would be consumed by the living systems. After the destruction of living system, hosting the chemical element, other microbes would act on it rendering it to be decomposed and form the inorganic component again.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 6M<\/strong><\/span>
\nXenobiotic compounds<\/strong> are man-made and are non-biodegradable by the microbes. When the concentration of the compounds is high in the environment, leads to pollution in the environment. However, the compounds are insoluble and highly stable. Moreover, most of the compounds of xenobiotic are non-degradable and recalcitrant in nature.
\nTherefore, the statement, \u201crefers to compounds that are resistant to microbial degradation,\u201d matches with the term, \u201crecalcitrant\u201d. Hence, the correct option is J. Recalcitrant<\/strong>.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 6MC<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n- Pseudomonas syringae produces a protein that is involved in the formation of ice crystals. The product is such that, the microbe could thrive even without the formation of ice crystals. Thus, when microbe is developed, which is devoid of this gene, even when the microbe is grown on plants it could prevent the plants from freeze damage. Hence, the correct option is (d) prevention of ice formation<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
- Non-biodegradable plastic could be replaced by the more biodegradable plastic in the form of storage product that is produce by microbes. Pseudomonas syringae are not used in the production of products thus making option (a) incorrect.<\/li>\n
- Alternative fuels in the form of methane, ethanol or hydrogen could be produced by other strains of microbes including Bacillus. Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.<\/li>\n
- Fermentation is the process of converting soluble sugars in the system to alcohol. Primarily fermentation is done through Saccharomyces strain. Thus, it could be ascertained that option (c) is incorrect.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 6MTF<\/strong><\/span>
\nRecalcitrant molecules<\/strong> are highly non-biodegradable and are man-made molecules. Very rarely, naturally occurring microbes could act directly on recalcitrant components, rendering them inactive. The enzyme that possess properties, but which are not used for the purpose, is used in degradation process. For example, laccase is used in the decolorization of textile dyes. Moreover, laccase is in no way connected to decolorization, but its services could be incorporated in environmental management. Thus, the statement, \u201crecalcitrant molecules are degraded by naturally occurring micro-organism,\u201d is true<\/strong>.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 7CT<\/strong><\/span>
\nWater treatment through the different stages removes the solid organic wastes as well as microbes (predominantly coliforms), thus enabling it potable. When such potable water is consumed, there are least opportunities for the microbes to gain access in to the human system that could probably elicit a disease. Also most of the microbes that are soil borne is not specifically pathogens and the natural barrier (skin) that would prevent the entry of microbes, thus eliminating the chance of a microbial infection.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 7FB<\/strong><\/span>
\nNitrogen exists primarily as dinitrogen gas (N2<\/sub>)<\/strong> in the environment.
\nNitrogen exists as a dinitrogen gas possessing a triple bond in between the two nitrogen atoms. The dinitrogen gas is an inorganic form of nitrogen. The triple bond requires high energy to be broken down. Hence, the conversion of inorganic nitrogen to its organic form becomes an all-important process in the entire living systems.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 7M<\/strong><\/span>
\nWater activity<\/strong> is the presence of water molecules that are devoid of binding to solute particles. The higher the water activity, the greater would be the chance for the microbes to thrive. Hence, in food preservation, reduction of water activity by the addition of solutes would always be preferred.
\nThus, the statement, \u201cwater that is not bound by solutes\u201d, matches with the term \u201cwater activity\u201d. Hence, the correct option is B. Water activity<\/strong>.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 7MC<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n- Sludge is composed of both coarse particles and microbial biomass. This could be recycled into the effluent for the reduction of organic component in the effluent in an aerator. Hence, the option (a) is incorrect.<\/li>\n
- Poly-hydroxy-alkonate (PHA) is an alternative form of plastic that is biodegradable. This is formed as a result of storage products of microbes within their cell. Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.<\/li>\n
- Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) is the measure of organic content present in a water source. This is in no way connected with flocculating organic particles. Hence, the option (c) is incorrect.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 7MTF<\/strong><\/span>
\nBiofilm<\/strong> is a complex aggregation of microorganisms, like bacteria. They may be harmful and beneficial. Additionally, biofilms keep microbes intact with each other and with solid surface near the shores, for acquiring nutrients. It is a phenomenon found common in aquatic microorganisms. Without the formation of biofilm, the microbes find it difficult to adhere to solid substrates.
\nThus, the chances of the microbes acquiring nutrient, in the vast land scape of the aquatic arena also gets reduced. For instance, some of the bacterial biofilms are present on the surface of the teeth and tongue. Hence, the given statement, \u201cbiofilms of microorganisms form in aquatic environments only\u201d is true<\/strong>.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 8CT<\/strong><\/span>
\nInfluenza viruses are capable of producing new antigenic determinants over a period of time. This process ensures that the human system does not have a premeditated immunity in the form of memory cells, thus making it a deadly component. This is the main reason why influenza virus could be used as a devastating biological weapon.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 8FB<\/strong><\/span>
\nPhosphorus exists primarily as phosphate ion<\/strong> in the environment.
\nPhosphorus undergoes little change in the oxidation state in the environment. It usually exists in the form of phosphate ion in the environment. Phosphorus cycle involves the conversion of the inorganic form to the organic form. The conversion takes place through microorganisms and from the organic to inorganic form through pH-dependent process.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 8M<\/strong><\/span>
\nBiomass<\/strong> is the quantum of organisms that is present in a particular locality. The concentration of biomass could always be decisive factor in industrial fermentation. The ecosystem on planet earth form biosphere. Moreover, the term biodiversity defines the number of species living in a given ecosystem. However, biomass refers to quantity of all the species.
\nThus, the statement, \u201crefers to quantity of all organisms present in an environment,\u201d matches with the term, biomass.\u201d Hence, the correct option is K. Biomass<\/strong>.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 8MC<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n- Though chemicals could have a deleterious effect on microbial cells, it cannot have an effect on viruses. This is because; viruses are obligate, intracellular parasites. They don\u2019t have any cell bodies, and internal organelles to be effected by chemicals. Thus the right option is (b) viruses<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
- Tertiary treatment through chemicals reduces the microbial load by a greater extent. Chlorination of the water system reduces bacteria, fungi, and algae. Thus it could be ascertained that algae would be depleted by the action of chemicals. Hence, the option (a) is incorrect.<\/li>\n
- Fungal spores could also be removed as a result of chemical treatment. Bacterial endospores, viruses, and protozoan cysts are not supposed to be deactivated by chemical treatment. Hence, the option (c) is incorrect.<\/li>\n
- Bacteria are susceptible to the action of chlorination. Chlorine completely removes the entire component of the bacteria, thereby proving that option (d) is incorrect.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 8MTF<\/strong><\/span>
\nMicrobes are non-cooperative, unless they depend on one another for specific reasons. It is a known fact that growth rate of microbes is higher and exists stiff competition for food and shelter in an environment. Thus, provides that they cannot exist through cooperation. Hence, the given statement, \u201ccooperation is common among microorganisms living in micro habits\u201d is False<\/strong>.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 9CT<\/strong><\/span>
\nAny fermentative product that is formed from fruits tends to be called a wine and those whose initial ingredients becomes grains, produces beer. Since rice is a grain, the fermentative product that is formed as a result of rice fermentation could be called a rice beer instead of \u201csake\u201d (rice wine).<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 9FB<\/strong><\/span>
\nA biosensor<\/strong> is a device composed of microbes and electronics used to detect other microbes or their products.
\nOne of the new applications about microorganisms pertaining to the solving of environmental issues is the biosensor. Biosensors involve the microbes or microbial products in contention with electronics. This process enables the presence of certain microbes or their products. Sensors could be used to serve as early warning system to give officials more time to respond to a possible terror attack.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 9M<\/strong><\/span>
\nEutrophication<\/strong> is a process in which, water gets polluted in a number of ways paves way for other organisms to thrive on them. This leads to the reduction in the oxygen level (as the final electron acceptor in respiration of organisms that lead to oxygen reduction) of the entire water system, putting the indigenous organisms under great stress.
\nMoreover, an excess growth of microorganisms in aquatic system result in more nitrogen and phosphorus that acts as fertilizers. This results in the growth of microbes with depletion of oxygen.
\nThus, the statement, \u201cprocess whereby pollutants accumulate to high levels in waterways, causing overgrowth and anaerobic conditions,\u201d matches with the term, \u201cN. Eutrophication.\u201d Hence, the correct option is N. Eutrophication<\/strong>.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 9MC<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n- It is during the secondary treatment stage that most of the organic content is reduced. The total solids that comprise the dissolved and suspended organic content would be reduced by the action of microbes in the aeration tank. Thus the right option is (b) secondary treatment<\/strong>.<\/li>\n
- During sewage treatment, the primary treatment aids in the removal of solid coarse particles from the waste water. Since, only the coarse particles are removed from the system, option (a) is incorrect.<\/li>\n
- During tertiary treatment the organic load in the form of microbes alone would be removed from the system. This would be only a limited reduction in the organic load on compared with the efficiency of the entire treatment system. Hence, the option (c) is incorrect.<\/li>\n
- Sludge treatment is a separate system that deals with the reduction of sludge that is being developed in a separate process. Hence, the option (d) is incorrect.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 9MTF<\/strong><\/span>
\nMicroorganisms thrive well in aquatic environment, primarily near the shores and at the topmost layer of the system. As the depth increases in the water system, the microbial density reduces proportionately. This is because in cold environments the concentration of biomass and metabolic activity is dominant. Thus, the low temperature for organism facilitates the production of energy and organic carbon.
\nHence, the given statement, \u201caquatic microorganisms are more prevalent near the surface than at the bottom of waterways\u201d is true<\/strong>.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 10CT<\/strong><\/span>
\nWine when exposed to air becomes an excellent source of energy for microbes. This would enable the microbe to populate in the wine and initiate their metabolic activity. Microbial metabolic action would convert ethanol to acetic acid, thus creating a vinegary taste or a smell when wine is consumed (vinegar is said to be composed of 4% of acetic acid).<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 10FB<\/strong><\/span>
\nBiochemical oxygen demand (BOD)<\/strong> is the amount of oxygen required by aerobic organisms to fully metabolize organic waste in water.
\nWaste water would be full of organic content, which could be quantified indirectly by the process of biochemical oxygen demand. In this process, the waste water would be added to oxygenated water as a seed. This would be left as such for about 5 days at specific temperature range. After incubation, the difference between the initial and the final oxygen concentration would be equivalent to the load of organic content present in the waste water sample.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 10M<\/strong><\/span>
\nNitrogen fixation is a process through which the atmospheric inorganic nitrogen would be fixed by the action of nitrogen into usable forms of organic nitrogen (ammonia). Nitrogen fixers are called as alphaproteobacteria, which grow in association with the roots of plants. Moreover, convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia and make it available for plants as fixed nitrogen. Nitrifying bacteria derive electrons from the oxidation of nitrogenous compounds.
\nHence, the statement, \u201cprocess of reducing nitrogen from atmosphere,\u201d matches with the term, \u201cnitrogen fixation.\u201d Hence, the correct term is M. Nitrogen fixation<\/strong>.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 10MC<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n\n- Microbial communities can never be composed of a single pure population of microbe. Microbial community is composed of many different species of organisms. Hence, the option (a) is incorrect.<\/li>\n
- A microbial community cannot represent all the microbes present in a locality. Since, a locality could be differentiated based on various physical and chemical characteristics, there is a greater probability that certain microbes cannot thrive in a particular environment. Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.<\/li>\n
- A biosphere is an arena where the entire area is made up of all the possible living organisms. Since, it involves all the living organisms, option (d) is incorrect.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 10MTF<\/strong><\/span>
\nThe littoral zone<\/strong> exists between high tide and low tide region. Moreover, the littoral region acts as a transition zone existing between the terrestrial and marine ecosystem. However, the organisms that are found near the shores of the oceans are littoral organisms and not the abyssal organisms. Abyssal organisms that are those that are found near the hydrothermal vents found at the bottom of the ocean.
\nThus, in littoral zone the ecosystems existing includes the following; estuaries, mangrove forests, and salt marshes. Hence, the given statement, \u201cabyssal organisms that are found near shores of oceans\u201d is false<\/strong>.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 11M<\/strong><\/span>
\nAntagonism is the characteristic feature of the organism that prevents itself from the action of other microbes in the vicinity by the production of certain metabolites. In other words, it is an interaction one species get benefitted by the expense of another. For example<\/strong>, bacteria thrives in human body do harm to the host. Hence, the given statement matches with option (L) Antagonism<\/strong>.<\/p>\nMicrobiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 26 Answers 11MC<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n