{"id":23500,"date":"2022-12-05T10:00:48","date_gmt":"2022-12-05T04:30:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/?p=23500"},"modified":"2022-12-06T09:39:03","modified_gmt":"2022-12-06T04:09:03","slug":"microbiology-with-diseases-by-taxonomy-chapter-5-answers","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/microbiology-with-diseases-by-taxonomy-chapter-5-answers\/","title":{"rendered":"Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><span style=\"color: #00ccff;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a class=\"button-red\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/microbiology-with-diseases-by-taxonomy-answers\/\">Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Answers<\/a><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 1CM<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nThe terms given in the question are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>2 ATP (2)<\/li>\n<li>34 ATP<\/li>\n<li>Chemiosmosis<\/li>\n<li>Electron transport chain<\/li>\n<li>Glycolysis<\/li>\n<li>Krebs cycle<\/li>\n<li>Oxidative phosphorylation<\/li>\n<li>Substrate level phosphorylation (2)<\/li>\n<li>Synthesis of acetyl coA<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Glycolysis<\/strong> is the major metabolic pathway of the living organisms. Energy is produced in this pathway in the form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). <strong>2 ATPs<\/strong> are produced at the end of the glycolysis and the final product is pyruvate. The pyruvate then enters into the TCA (tricarboxylic cycle) or <strong>Krebs cycle<\/strong> by forming acetyl CoA. In TCA cycle reducing agents like NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and FADH2 (flavin adenine dinucleotide) are produced. They are used in <strong>electron transport chain<\/strong> to synthesize ATP by<strong> oxidative phosphorylation<\/strong>.<br \/>\nThe concept map which includes all the above terms and describes aerobic respiration is given below:<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/farm1.staticflickr.com\/948\/28441723058_0aa7701ec1_o.png\" alt=\"microbiology-with-diseases-by-taxonomy-chapter-5-answers-1cm\" width=\"596\" height=\"211\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 1CT<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nAn organism that uses<strong> glycolysis<\/strong> and TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle or <strong>Kreb\u2019s cycle<\/strong> might also need the <strong>pentose phosphate pathway<\/strong>.<br \/>\nThe pentose phosphate pathway can be used for the reduction of coenzymes and for specific by-products, which are needed for anabolic pathways. These by-products are the precursors in anabolic reactions. The reduced coenzymes are also useful in anabolic reactions.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 1FB<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Cyclic photophosphorylation:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Explanation:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>In cyclic photophosphorylation, the electrons from the reaction center pass through electron transport chain and back to the reaction center.<\/li>\n<li>The reaction center of chlorophyll is present in a photosystem. Light energy from the sun excites the electrons in the reaction center.<\/li>\n<li>These electrons then pass on to an acceptor molecule. The electrons pass through an electron transport chain and back to the chlorophyll molecule.<\/li>\n<li>In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, the electrons do not return to the place of origin.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The cyclic photophosphorylation process is shown in the diagram below:<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/farm1.staticflickr.com\/886\/28441722768_1b9850fc55_o.png\" alt=\"microbiology-with-diseases-by-taxonomy-chapter-5-answers-1fb\" width=\"285\" height=\"324\" \/><br \/>\nThus, the final electron acceptor in cyclic photophosphorylation is the original reaction center, chlorophyll.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 1M<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Substrate-level phosphorylation:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><br \/>\nSubstrate-level phosphorylation occurs when energy from a compound containing phosphate reacts with ADP (adenosine triphosphate) to form ATP (adenosine triphosphate). The direct transfer of a phosphate group between two substrates from ATP is known as substrate-level phosphorylation.<br \/>\nSimilarly, the process of substrate-level phosphorylation can be seen in the glycolysis pathway. The formation of pyruvate in the last step of glycolysis is a substrate-level phosphorylation. The phosphate from phosphoenol pyruvate is transferred to an ADP molecule to form ATP.<br \/>\nThus, substrate-level phosphorylation occurs in Krebs cycle of the mitochondria. This process is a fast source of ATP in the cell that is independent of respiration and external electron acceptors.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 1MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Both anabolism and catabolism:<\/strong><br \/>\nAnabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules or large molecules from simpler, smaller molecules. The process of catabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones. In an amphibolic pathway, both these processes occur.<br \/>\nHence, the option (b) is incorrect.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 1SA<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nEnzymes are necessary for anabolic reactions to occur in living organisms.<br \/>\n<strong>Anabolic reactions<\/strong> are those reactions in which the synthesis of complex and bigger molecules takes place. Most of the reactions cannot occur in the absence of the specific enzyme. Sometimes these <strong>enzymes act as catalysts<\/strong>.<br \/>\nA catalyst is a molecule, which reduces the activation energy of a reaction. Many reactions have high activation energy and cannot occur in the absence of a catalyst. The conditions of the cell are not suitable for the high activation energies of some reactions. When the activation energy is lowered, the reactions can easily occur in the cell.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 2CT<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nBacterial fermentation causes milk to have a sour taste.<br \/>\nThe fermentation of milk is done by bacteria, which change the<strong> lactose<\/strong> present in the milk <strong>to lactic acid<\/strong>. The lactic acid formed is responsible for the <strong>sour taste<\/strong> of the fermented milk.<br \/>\nLactose is a disaccharide consisting of glucose and galactose. Both these sugars are broken down by the process of glycolysis. The product of glycolysis is pyruvic acid. This pyruvic acid is then converted to lactic acid by bacteria.<br \/>\nThe bacteria which carry out fermentation are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Lactobacillus<\/li>\n<li>Lactococcus<\/li>\n<li>Leuconostoc<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 2FB<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nIn the pathway of glycolysis, there is a preparatory phase and a pay-off phase. In the preparatory phase, 2 ATP molecules are used up. In the pay-off phase, 4 ATP molecules are generated. Thus a net gain of 2 ATP molecules is seen.<br \/>\nThe pathway of glycolysis can occur in the anaerobic or the aerobic stages.<br \/>\nThe pathway of glycolysis is shown below:<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/farm1.staticflickr.com\/881\/28441722688_ff8278aa6d_o.png\" alt=\"microbiology-with-diseases-by-taxonomy-chapter-5-answers-2fb\" width=\"448\" height=\"640\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 2M<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nFormation of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) involves formation of oxidative through reduction of coenzymes in the electron transport chain.<br \/>\nIn the process of oxidative phosphorylation, the transfer of electrons occurs from electron donors to electron acceptors. This is mainly seen in the electron transport chain. When electrons are transferred, energy is produced. The energy is used in the transport of protons across the membrane. The transport of protons causes the formation of ATP.<br \/>\nThis process produces superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, which can damage the cell. The process of oxidative phosphorylation is shown in the diagram:<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/farm1.staticflickr.com\/977\/28441722568_2ce60ffe8b_o.png\" alt=\"microbiology-with-diseases-by-taxonomy-chapter-5-answers-2m\" width=\"602\" height=\"302\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 2MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Both anabolism and catabolism:<\/strong><br \/>\nAnabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules or large molecules from simpler, smaller molecules. The process of catabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones. In an amphibolic pathway, both these processes occur.<br \/>\nHence, the option (b) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>Catabolism only:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe process of catabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones. A good example would be the process of glycogenolysis. In this process, the large molecule of glycogen is broken down into small molecules of glucose. Catabolism does not include synthesis reactions.<br \/>\nHence, the option (c) is incorrect.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 2SA<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nOrganisms can control the rate of metabolic activities in the cells by many ways.<br \/>\nOne way is through enzymes. Enzymes are needed for almost every reaction, which proceeds in the cell. After the required reaction is complete, the cell destroys the enzyme or deactivates it. In this way, the enzyme cannot work unless activated or synthesized again.<br \/>\nAnother method of control is by regulators. A good example would be the lac operon. In the<strong> lac operon<\/strong>, there are many genes, which are under the control of a single regulator gene. Only when the cell requires these enzymes, the genes are turned on. Otherwise they are turned off.<br \/>\nThe cell also contains inhibitors, which are specific for some substrates. These bind to the enzymes and inhibit their action. In this way, the control of some reactions occurs.<br \/>\nSome other methods of control are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Changes in membrane potential<\/li>\n<li>Modifying substrates<\/li>\n<li>Phosphorylation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 3CT<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nThe protozoa <strong>Giardia intestinalis<\/strong> and <strong>Entamoeba histolytica<\/strong> live in the colon of mammals. Since these lack mitochondria, they do not have the pathways of aerobic respiration.<br \/>\nThe pathways under aerobic respiration are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Glycolysis<\/li>\n<li>Krebs cycle<\/li>\n<li>Electron transport chain<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>In these organisms<\/strong>, which lack mitochondria, <strong>only the glycolysis pathway occurs<\/strong>. Since glycolysis can occur in the absence or presence of mitochondria, it occurs in these protozoa. The glycolysis pathway occurs in the cytosol while the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain cannot occur in the absence of mitochondria.<br \/>\nThe energy yield in these organisms would be much lower than the 38 ATP obtained in aerobic respiration. The pyruvic acid obtained at the end of glycolysis cannot be fully catabolized to obtain energy. These protozoa have a net gain of 2 ATP molecules in the pathway of glycolysis.<br \/>\nHence, the organisms have a much lower energy yield.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 3FB<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nThe initial catabolism of glucose occurs by glycolysis and\/or the<strong> pentose phosphate<\/strong> and <strong>Entner Doudoroff<\/strong> pathways.<br \/>\nIn the<strong> pentose phosphate pathway<\/strong>, the ATP (adenosine triphosphate) produced in this cycle is less than the 38 ATP molecules produced during glycolysis. This pathway produces two metabolites of ribose-5-phosphate and erythrose-4-phosphate, which are needed for the synthesis of nucleotides and amino acids.<br \/>\nThe <strong>Entner Doudoroff pathway<\/strong> is an alternative to glycolysis in some organisms. This pathway gives lesser ATP than 38 ATP. A few bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis use the Entner Doudoroff pathway for the catabolism of glucose.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 3M<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Carbohydrate catabolism begins with glycolysis:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><br \/>\nThe catabolism of carbohydrates is the process where carbohydrates are broken down to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Most of the carbohydrates are usually converted into glucose. The first step of glucose breakdown is the process of glycolysis.<br \/>\nIn the process of glycolysis, glucose is converted into pyruvate. In this pathway, ATP molecules are produced. After glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain complete the total carbohydrate metabolism.<br \/>\nA diagram of glycolysis is given below:<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/farm1.staticflickr.com\/970\/28441722418_3ee8788470_o.png\" alt=\"microbiology-with-diseases-by-taxonomy-chapter-5-answers-3m\" width=\"449\" height=\"639\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 3MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Both anabolism and catabolism:<\/strong><br \/>\nAnabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules or large molecules from simpler, smaller molecules. The process of catabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones. In an amphibolic pathway, both these processes occur and energy is synthesized, and used up.<br \/>\nHence, this option is incorrect.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 3SA<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Non-competitive inhibitor affect whole enzymatic pathway, at a single allosteric site:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><br \/>\nAt an active site, competitive inhibitor binds, while a non-competitive inhibitor binds other than the active site. When a non-competitive inhibitor binds to an allosteric site, the active site of the enzyme is altered. A non-competitive inhibitor at a single allosteric site affects a whole pathway of enzymatic reactions.<br \/>\nAdditionally, alteration of enzyme active site prevents the binding of the substrate. When the substrate prevents from binding to the enzyme, the reaction is inhibited. The inhibited reaction is a part of whole pathway; hence, remaining reactions do not take place. If the inhibited reaction is an important reaction in the pathway, the whole pathway comes to a stop.<br \/>\nIn this way, the binding of a noncompetitive inhibitor at an allosteric site affects a pathway.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 4CT<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nA <strong>facultative anaerobe<\/strong> is grown in the same medium, but under different conditions. One culture is grown in the presence of oxygen while the second culture is grown in the absence of oxygen.<br \/>\nOf the two cultures, <strong>the culture exposed to air will have more cells<\/strong> at the end of the week.<br \/>\nAs the species is a facultative anaerobe, it grows better in the presence of oxygen rather in the absence of oxygen.<br \/>\nThe presence of oxygen enables the process of aerobic respiration in the culture. When aerobic respiration occurs, a high yield of 38 ATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecules is produced. Hence, this culture shows a higher rate of growth and division.<br \/>\nIn the absence of oxygen, only glycolysis occurs. Glycolysis is followed by the process of fermentation occurs, which gives a much lower yield than 38 ATP. Hence, the culture under anaerobic conditions shows a lower rate of growth and division.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 4FB<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nThe <strong>Krebs cycle<\/strong> or <strong>citric acid cycle<\/strong> is a series of <strong>eight chemical reactions<\/strong> used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy. This metabolic pathway involves oxidation of acetate derived from mainly carbohydrates, proteins, fats finally into carbon dioxide.<br \/>\nThis pathway involved in the<strong> catabolism of acetyl-CoA<\/strong> and produces eight molecules of <strong>NADH<\/strong> (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and two molecules of <strong>FADH<sub>2<\/sub><\/strong> (flavin adenine dinucleotide).<br \/>\nHence, the correct option is <strong>Krebs cycle<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 4M<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Saturation occurs when all active sites on enzyme molecules are filled:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><br \/>\nEnzymes have active sites, which bind to substrate molecules. When a substrate molecule binds to the active site of an enzyme, chemical reaction occurs that results in the formation of an intermediate complex. The complex consists of the enzyme and substrate.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/farm1.staticflickr.com\/977\/28441722248_8d1ff55c84_o.png\" alt=\"microbiology-with-diseases-by-taxonomy-chapter-5-answers-4m\" width=\"476\" height=\"166\" \/><br \/>\nSimilarly, when all the active sites of an enzyme are filled with substrate molecules, it is known as saturation. On further addition of substrate molecules, the status of saturation does not change. Thus, on addition of enzyme molecules the situation of saturation is chnaged.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 4MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Both anabolism and catabolism:<\/strong><br \/>\nAnabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules or large molecules from simpler, smaller molecules. The process of catabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones. In an amphibolic pathway, both these processes occur where energy is synthesized and also spent.<br \/>\nHence, this option is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>Catabolism only:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe process of catabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones. A good example would be the process of glycogenolysis. In this process, the large molecule of glycogen is broken down into small molecules of glucose. The process of catabolism is usually exergonic.<br \/>\nHence, this option is incorrect.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 4SA<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>The mechanism of negative feedback with respect to enzyme action:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><br \/>\nNegative feedback is also called feedback inhibition. The final product of a pathway is the inhibitor of previous reactions. Usually, the first enzyme of the pathway is inhibited by the final product. The negative feedback occurs only when the final product accumulates. The type of inhibition seen is usually allosteric inhibition.<br \/>\nThe mechanism is shown in the following diagram:<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/farm1.staticflickr.com\/946\/28441722148_a7c7e65a90_o.png\" alt=\"microbiology-with-diseases-by-taxonomy-chapter-5-answers-4sa\" width=\"359\" height=\"270\" \/><br \/>\nA good example of the feedback inhibition is shown below:<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/farm1.staticflickr.com\/946\/28441722148_a7c7e65a90_o.png\" alt=\"microbiology-with-diseases-by-taxonomy-chapter-5-answers-4sa\" width=\"359\" height=\"270\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 5CT<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nThe complete oxidation of a fat molecule with three chains containing 12 carbons each will give 305 ATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecules.<br \/>\n<strong>The break-up of these 305 ATP molecules is shown below:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The glycerol moiety of the fatty acid enters the glycolysis pathway. The ATP gained from glycolysis is 2 ATP molecules.<\/li>\n<li>In the Krebs cycle, 4 NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) molecules are formed, which give a total of 12 ATP molecules since one NADH molecule gives 3 ATP molecules.<\/li>\n<li>In ??oxidation, each 12-carbon chain produces 5 NADH and 5 FADH<sub>2<\/sub> (flavin adenine dinucleotide) molecules.<\/li>\n<li>Since one NADH molecule gives 3 ATP molecules and one FADH<sub>2<\/sub> molecule gives 2 ATP molecules, the total number of ATP molecules from one chain would be 25. Three chains would give 75 ATP molecules.<\/li>\n<li>The acetyl CoA produced after ??oxidation is oxidized. Each chain produces 6 acetyl CoA molecules. Upon oxidation of one acetyl CoA molecule, 1 ATP molecule, 3 NADH molecules and 1 FADH molecule is produced.<\/li>\n<li>This gives a total of 12 ATP molecules per acetyl CoA molecule. Since 6 acetyl CoA molecules are produced per chain, the total number of ATP molecules per chain would be 72 ATP molecules.<\/li>\n<li>Three chains would give 216 ATP molecules.The total number of ATP molecules would be <strong>2+12+75+216<\/strong> , which gives 305 ATP molecules.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 5FB<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nThe final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is oxygen.<br \/>\n<strong>Aerobic respiration requires oxygen<\/strong> to generate energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Here, <strong>oxygen acts as final electron acceptor<\/strong>. Aerobic respiration is the method of pyruvate breakdown, which is generated from glycolysis and needs the entry of that pyruvate into mitochondria in order to be oxidized by the citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle.<br \/>\nThe Krebs cycle is a series of eight chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy. This metabolic pathway involves oxidation of acetate derived from mainly carbohydrates, proteins, fats finally into carbon dioxide.<br \/>\nThis pathway involved in the catabolism of acetyl-CoA and produces eight molecules of NADH (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and two molecules of FADH<sub>2<\/sub> (flavin adenine dinucleotide).<br \/>\nThe NADH and FADH<sub>2<\/sub> produced in Krebs cycle undergo substrate level phosphorylation to generate ATP.<br \/>\nHence, the correct answer is oxygen.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 5MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nAnabolism only involves the production of cell membrane constituents.<br \/>\n<strong>Anabolism only:<\/strong><br \/>\nAnabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules or large molecules from simpler, smaller molecules. The cell membrane is also a complex molecule composed of many smaller molecules. The process of anabolism requires energy.<br \/>\nHence, the correct answer is option <strong>(a) anabolic only<\/strong>.<br \/>\n<strong>Both anabolism and catabolism:<\/strong><br \/>\nAnabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules or large molecules from simpler, smaller molecules. The process of catabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones. In an amphibolic pathway, both these processes occur. The synthesis of the cell membrane does not come under the category of an amphibolic pathway.<br \/>\nHence, the option (b) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>Catabolism only:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe process of catabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones. A good example would be the process of glycogenolysis. In this process, the large molecule of glycogen is broken down into small molecules of glucose. The synthesis of the cell membrane is not the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones. Hence, the option (c) is incorrect.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 5SA<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>The metabolic pathways that allow facultative anaerobes to live under aerobic or anaerobic conditions:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><br \/>\nFacultative anaerobes exist under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The metabolic pathways allow them to exist in the absence of oxygen by fermentation pathways.<br \/>\nThe two common fermentation pathways are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pyruvic acid to lactic acid<\/li>\n<li>Pyruvic acid to ethanol<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid with the help of NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), catalyzed by lactic dehydrogenase. NADH donates a proton to become NAD<sup>+<\/sup> (oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/farm1.staticflickr.com\/975\/28441721858_3715c3123c_o.png\" alt=\"microbiology-with-diseases-by-taxonomy-chapter-5-answers-5sa\" width=\"348\" height=\"149\" \/><br \/>\nInitially, pyruvic acid is decarboxylated to form acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde is reduced to form alcohol.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/farm1.staticflickr.com\/980\/28441721738_f1649aefe9_o.png\" alt=\"microbiology-with-diseases-by-taxonomy-chapter-5-answers-5sa1\" width=\"360\" height=\"170\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 6CT<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nA fever over <strong>40<sup>0<\/sup>C<\/strong> is often life threatening in terms of its effect on the metabolism of the body.<br \/>\n<strong>Metabolism<\/strong> in any individual is mainly <strong>dependent on enzymes<\/strong>. Enzymes are usually proteins, which have a specific temperature range in which they can work best. Enzymes usually have an optimum temperature at which they work best.<br \/>\nSo, if the temperature of the body rises above 40<sup>0<\/sup>C, most of the enzymes become inactive. Since they are proteins, the enzymes may also become denatured. When proteins become denatured, they cannot perform their normal function.<br \/>\nThe folding or the conformation of the protein is very important to the function of the protein. Once the conformation of the protein is lost through denaturation, the function of the protein is also lost.<br \/>\nIf most of the enzymes of the body stop functioning, the metabolism in the body will also eventually stop. This is why <strong>high fevers are life threatening<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 6FB<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nThree common inorganic electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration are NO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>&#8211;<\/sup>, SO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>2-\u00a0<\/sup>and CO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>2-<\/sup>.<br \/>\nIn the process of anaerobic respiration, inorganic molecules are used as the final electron acceptor. Anaerobic respiration is mainly used by prokaryotes living in an anaerobic environment. The electron transport chain is also used in anaerobic respiration, but the final acceptors differ. The final acceptors are nitrate (NO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>&#8211;<\/sup>), sulphate (SO<sub>4<\/sub><sup>2-<\/sup>) and carbonate ions (CO<sub>3<\/sub><sup>2-<\/sup>).<br \/>\nThese electron acceptors used in anaerobic respiration have smaller reduction potentials when compared to oxygen. Hence, the yield of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is lower than in aerobic respiration. The types of phosphorylation seen in anaerobic respiration are substrate level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.<br \/>\nThese three electron acceptors are used as an alternative to oxygen.<br \/>\nHence, the correct options are <strong>nitrate, sulphate, carbonate ions<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 6MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Both anabolism and catabolism:<\/strong><br \/>\nAnabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules or large molecules from simpler, smaller molecules. The process of catabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones. In an amphibolic pathway, both catabolism and anabolism take place.<br \/>\nHence, the option (b) is incorrect.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 6SA<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Oxidation of molecule in the absence of oxygen:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><br \/>\nOxidation of a molecule can occur in the absence of oxygen mediated by the process of fermentation.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Oxidation of a molecule occurs in the presence of oxygen, the products liberated are carbon dioxide and water.<\/li>\n<li>Oxidation occurs in the absence of oxygen by the process of fermentation, the products liberated are organic waste products.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The process of fermentation is incomplete or partial oxidation of a molecule. Since, fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen, the final electron acceptor cannot be oxygen in the electron transport chain. Organic molecules from the cell are used as the final electron acceptors instead of oxygen.<br \/>\nAdditionally, the major advantage of fermentation is the production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in the absence of oxygen. The number of ATP molecules produced is less compared to aerobic oxidation. Thus, only 2 ATP molecules are produced.<br \/>\nThe two common fermentation pathways are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Pyruvic acid to lactic acid<\/li>\n<li>Pyruvic acid to ethanol<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid with the help of NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine nucleotide). NADH donates a proton to become NAD<sup>+<\/sup> (oxidized nicotinamide adenine nucleotide). Pyruvic acid is decarboxylated to form acetaldehyde, which is reduced to form alcohol.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 7CT<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Maximum number of ATP molecules generated by fat oxidation in bacteria:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><br \/>\nCyanide is a toxic substance, which blocks cytochrome a<sub>3<\/sub>. The cytochrome is present as the terminal electron acceptor before oxygen.<br \/>\nThe diagram shown below is the action of cytochrome in ATP generation:<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/farm1.staticflickr.com\/947\/41413817005_fc09cfc9a3_o.png\" alt=\"microbiology-with-diseases-by-taxonomy-chapter-5-answers-7CT\" width=\"574\" height=\"322\" \/><br \/>\nSimilarly, due to the presence of cyanide, the electrons cannot pass from cytochrome a3 to oxygen. It results in the failure of the electron transport chain. The rest of the chain is not affected, but the functioning is stopped. ATP synthesis does not occur in presence of cyanide. The process of aerobic respiration does not occur and tissues depend on high supply of ATP to fail.<br \/>\nAdditionally, organs like the heart and the central nervous system depend on a continuous supply of ATP. Such organs will immediately fail in the presence of cyanide. The redox state of ubiquinone in the presence of cyanide would be reduced in the presence of cyanide.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 7FB<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nChemolithotrophs acquire electrons from <strong>inorganic<\/strong> compounds.<br \/>\nA lithotroph is an organism that uses inorganic substances as a source of energy. <strong>Chemolithotrophs<\/strong> are organisms that obtain their energy from the oxidation of inorganic reduced compounds.<br \/>\nIn these organisms, the electron donors are oxidized in the cell. These electrons are later used to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Most of these organisms can fix carbon dioxide through the Calvin cycle.<br \/>\nThese organisms mainly grow in areas, where there is an abundance of inorganic compounds. The energy gained from these substances is less and this indicates that a large amount of substrate is needed to gain the energy required for the processes of the cell.<br \/>\nHence, the correct answer is<strong> inorganic<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 7MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nBoth anabolism and catabolism includes metabolism.<br \/>\n<strong>Both anabolism and catabolism:<\/strong><br \/>\nAnabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules, or large molecules from simpler, smaller molecules. The process of catabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones. In an amphibolic pathway, both these processes occur and energy is synthesized, and used up.<br \/>\nHence, the correct answer is option (b).<br \/>\n<strong>Anabolism only:<\/strong><br \/>\nAnabolism is the synthesis of complex molecules, or large molecules from simpler, smaller molecules. A good example would be glycogen, which consists of many glucose molecules. The process of anabolism is usually endergonic. The process of metabolism does not involve only anabolism, but catabolism also.<br \/>\nHence, this option is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>Catabolism only:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe process of catabolism is the breakdown of large molecules into smaller ones. A good example would be the process of glycogenolysis. In this process, the large molecule of glycogen is broken down into small molecules of glucose. The process of catabolism is exergonic, and releases energy. The process of metabolism does not involve only anabolism, but catabolism also.<br \/>\nHence, this option is incorrect.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 7SA<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Four groups of microorganisms that are photosynthetic are:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Heliobacteria:<\/strong><br \/>\nHeliobacteria belongs to gram positive bacteria. The bacteria carry out photosynthesis in an oxygenic condition. The components used are present in the cytoplasmic membrane. An example is Heliobacterium.<br \/>\n<strong>Cyanobacteria:<\/strong><br \/>\nCyanobacteria are gram negative bacteria. The bacteria carry out photosynthesis in oxygenic conditions. These organisms are considered to be chloroplasts ancestors. An example is Oscillatoria.<br \/>\n<strong>Purple bacteria:<\/strong><br \/>\nA purple bacterium is gram negative bacteria. The bacteria are used in the invaginations of the cytoplasmic membrane called lamellae. An example is Rhodobacteria.<br \/>\n<strong>Green bacteria:<\/strong><br \/>\nGreen bacteria are further divided into green sulfur and green non sulfur bacteria. All these bacteria are gram negative and carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis. These organisms contain chlorosomes. An example is Chlorobium.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 8CT<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Similarities between photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><br \/>\nThe similarity between photophosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation is that both the processes pump protons across a membrane using energy. The concentration gradient, which develops is used to drive the synthesis of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).<br \/>\nMoreover, the synthesis of ATP usually occurs through membrane-bound enzyme ATP synthase. The source of energy is the difference between both processes. In photophosphorylation, light is the source of energy. The process is cyclic that works as long as light is present.<br \/>\nThus, in the process of oxidative phosphorylation, the source of energy is obtained from the breakdown of biomolecules. The catabolism of molecules gives energy, which is then redirected into the process of oxidative phosphorylation.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 8FB<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nThe enzyme of <strong>hydrolase<\/strong> adds a water molecule into the reaction. With the addition of the water molecule, the substrate is cleaved.<br \/>\nThe enzyme <strong>isomerase<\/strong> plays a part of rearrangement of atoms in the molecule. A good example is triose phosphate Isomerase seen in the pathway of glycolysis.<br \/>\nThe enzymes of <strong>ligase<\/strong> and <strong>polymerase<\/strong> play a role of joining two molecules together. A good example would be the process of replication of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), where both these enzymes are used.<br \/>\nThe enzyme <strong>transferase<\/strong> moves functional groups from one substrate to another. A good example would be the transamination reactions.<br \/>\nThe enzyme <strong>oxidoreductase<\/strong> plays a role in the oxidation and reduction of substances.<br \/>\nThe enzyme <strong>lyase<\/strong> is usually used to cleave large molecules into smaller ones.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 8MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nRedox reactions are involved in the transfer of energy, transfer of electrons, oxidation, and reduction.<br \/>\nRedox reactions involve the processes of oxidation and reduction as seen in the name. They also involve the transfer of energy, and the transfer of electrons. The gain of electrons in reduction, and the loss of electrons in oxidation occur.<br \/>\nHence, the correct option is <strong>(d) are involved in all of the above<\/strong>.<br \/>\n<strong>Transfer energy:<\/strong><br \/>\nRedox reactions transfer energy from one molecule to another. In the process of oxidation and reduction, energy from one process is transferred to the other process. Redox reactions are also involved in the transfer of electrons, oxidation, and reduction reactions.<br \/>\nHence, the option (a) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>Transfer electrons:<\/strong><br \/>\nRedox reactions transfer electrons from one molecule to another. In the process of oxidation and reduction, transfer of electrons occurs. Redox reactions are also involved in the transfer of energy, oxidation, and reduction reactions.<br \/>\nHence, the option (b) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>Involve oxidation and reduction:<\/strong><br \/>\nIn the process of reduction, electrons are gained while in the process of oxidation, electrons are lost. Both these processes occur in redox reactions.<br \/>\nHence, the option (c) is incorrect.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 8SA<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Oxygen is taken in to give carbon dioxide:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><br \/>\nDuring breathing oxygen is taken in to give carbon dioxide, the process is mediated by cellular respiration. Humans are aerobic organisms that need oxygen to breathe. The life cannot exist in the absence of oxygen for a long time.<br \/>\nAdditionally, the oxygen we breathe is the final acceptor of the electron transport chain. The final product of the electron transport chain is water and carbon dioxide. Since, carbon dioxide is toxic to the body, released out through lungs.<br \/>\nFurthermore, oxygen is required for many processes of the body. Processes like cellular respiration or the catabolism of glucose need oxygen to undergo complete oxidation. In the presence of oxygen, one glucose molecule gives 38 molecules of ATP (adenosine triphosphate).<br \/>\nThe diagram of the electron transport chain is shown below with the final acceptor as oxygen:<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/farm1.staticflickr.com\/901\/41413099445_243a501140_o.png\" alt=\"microbiology-with-diseases-by-taxonomy-chapter-5-answers-8sa\" width=\"434\" height=\"294\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 9CT<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Pathogenic species of Haemophilus requires NAD<sup>+<\/sup> and heme for growth:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><br \/>\nThe pathogenic species of Haemophilus requires NAD<sup>+<\/sup> (oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and heme for growth. The growth factors are needed from the host and help in growth of the pathogen. Moreover, NAD<sup>+<\/sup> is an oxidizing agent, which accepts electrons from other molecules to reduce NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide). The molecule then acts as a reducing agent to give electrons to other molecules. Hence, NAD<sup>+<\/sup> is needed for electron transfer reactions.<br \/>\nAdditionally, heme is required for heme containing molecules like cytochromes that are essential in the electron transport chain. Since, these molecules are essential in normal functioning of the pathogen, the pathogen obtains from surroundings.<br \/>\nThus, the cytochromes have a heme group, which surrounds a metal ion. The metal ion present is iron, which keeps changing between reduced and oxidized states.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 9FB<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nThe use of a proton motive force to generate ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is <strong>chemiosmosis<\/strong>.<br \/>\nIn the process of chemiosmosis, the ions flow down their concentration gradient through an enzyme called ATP synthase. When ions flow through this enzyme ATP molecules are produced.<br \/>\nThe process of chemiosmosis uses the potential energy of the electrochemical gradient present across membranes. This energy is used in the phosphorylation of ADP (adenosine diphosphate) to ATP.<br \/>\nIn cells, the energy released in the electron transport chain is used to transport protons across a membrane. The transport of these protons across the membrane causes a proton gradient. This proton gradient generates proton motive force.<br \/>\nHence, the correct answer is <strong>chemiosmosis<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 9MC<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Reduction is a chemical reaction that involves addition of hydrogen, or removal of oxygen from a compound. This reaction is opposite of oxidation. Therefore, a reduced molecule has gained electrons.<br \/>\nHence, the correct option is <strong>(a) has gained electrons<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<li>In the process of reduction, gain in electrons occurs. This gain causes the charge on the molecule to become negatively charged, but not positively charged. Only when a molecule loses electrons, it becomes positively charged. Since an electron is a negatively charged molecule, its gain makes molecules more negative.<br \/>\nHence, the option (b) is incorrect.<\/li>\n<li>In the process of oxidation, electrons are lost by the molecule. But the process of reduction involves the gain of electrons.<br \/>\nHence, the option (c) is incorrect.<\/li>\n<li>An electron donor is a molecule that donates an electron to another molecule. This molecule, which gains electrons, is reduced while the molecule donating the molecule is oxidized. A reduced molecule cannot be an electron donor.<br \/>\nHence, the option (d) is incorrect.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 9SA<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Algae and cyanobacteria liberate oxygen and take in carbon dioxide:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><br \/>\nCyanobacteria and alga take in carbon dioxide and give off oxygen as these organisms are photosynthetic. Moreover, cyanobacteria are gram negative bacteria, which carry out oxygenic photosynthesis. The organisms are considered to be the ancestors of chloroplasts. An example is Oscillatoria.<br \/>\nSimilarly, the organisms like plants are capable in the process of photosynthesis. The organism like plants takes carbon dioxide and give off oxygen. Cyanobacteria do not have any special organelles like chloroplasts to help in photosynthesis. The cell membrane has invaginations, which function in photosynthesis.<br \/>\nAdditionally, algae have plastids in their cells, which function in photosynthesis by taking in carbon dioxide and giving off oxygen. In contrast, some algae are in a symbiotic relationship with fungi, called as lichens.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 10CT<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Comparison and contractions between aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Aerobic respiration, fermentation and anaerobic respiration are processes, which occur in the cell. These processes produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate) from biomolecules. The process that produce highest yield of ATP is aerobic respiration.<\/li>\n<li>In aerobic respiration, the three pathways that incorporate are glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport chain. The terminal electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is oxygen. The total yield of ATP seen in aerobic respiration is 38 ATP.<\/li>\n<li>In anaerobic respiration, the terminal electron acceptor is organic molecules like nitrates and sulfates, but not oxygen. The yield of ATP is much lower than that of aerobic respiration.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>In the process of electron transport chain the process of fermentation does not occur. ATP molecules are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation. The energy yield of ATP is much lower.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 10FB<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nThe main coenzymes that carry electrons in catabolic pathways are <strong>NAD<sup>+<\/sup><\/strong> and <strong>FAD<\/strong>.<br \/>\nThe electron carriers, which play a role in the electron transport chain, are NAD<sup>+<\/sup> (Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and FAD (Flavin adenine dinucleotide). When NAD<sup>+<\/sup> goes through the electron transport chain 3 ATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecules are produced. When FAD goes through the electron transport chain 2 ATP molecules are produced.<br \/>\nThese are produced as intermediates of the Krebs cycle and glycolysis. All these molecules combine to produce the 38 ATP molecules.<br \/>\nHence, the correct answers are <strong>NAD<sup>+<\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0and <strong>FAD<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 10MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nActivation energy does not require nutrients and water. Activation energy is the energy required for a reaction to occur. This activation energy is usually high for many reactions. It can be lowered by the presence of catalysts.<br \/>\nHence, the option (b) is incorrect.<br \/>\nActivation energy does not result in the movement of molecules. Activation energy is the energy required for a reaction to occur. It can be lowered by the presence of catalysts. Hence, the option (d) is incorrect.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 10SA<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Carbon atoms of sugar catabolized, by Escherichia coli :<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><br \/>\nThe carbon atoms in sugar are catabolized by E. coli that is seen in the products of acids like formic acid, acetic acid, succinic acid, and lactic acid.<br \/>\n<strong>E. coli ferments sugar molecules to produce mixed acids. It can be shown as:<\/strong><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/farm1.staticflickr.com\/977\/28441721488_703c86e6e8_o.png\" alt=\"microbiology-with-diseases-by-taxonomy-chapter-5-answers-10sa\" width=\"580\" height=\"392\" \/><br \/>\nIn E. coli, the first step is glycolysis. After the process of glycolysis, the pyruvate formed is converted into lactate, formate, succinate, ethanol, acetate, carbon dioxide, and water.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Lactate is formed from pyruvate by the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. Acetyl CoA and formate are formed from pyruvate by the enzyme pyruvate formate lyase. Carbon dioxide and hydrogen are formed from formate catalyzed by formate hydrogen lyase.<\/li>\n<li>Acetic acid is formed from acetyl CoA with the help of two enzymes phosphate acetyl transferase, and acetate kinase. Ethanol is formed from acetyl CoA with the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase.<\/li>\n<li>Succinate is formed from phosphoenol pyruvate. The enzyme fumarate reductase is used along with ATP synthase in a series of steps to form succinate.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 11CT<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Metabolism of methanogenic prokaryotes in ocean sediments:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><br \/>\nMethanogenic prokaryotes are the organisms that live in ocean sediments. The scientists have estimated that about one-third of the biomass is present on Earth. Since, the organisms live in ocean sediments, they are usually anaerobic organisms. Moreover, the organisms do not depend on oxygen for their metabolic pathways.<br \/>\nAdditionally, the organisms use hydrogen and carbon dioxide for their metabolic purposes. The carbon acts as a terminal electron acceptor instead of oxygen. The methanogenic prokaryotes produce methane as by-product, during metabolism and produce energy. Thus, the energy produced is used in different needs of the cell and responsible in degradation of organic matter.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 11MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nThe catalytic activity of many enzymes is dependent on cofactors. Cofactors are either small organic molecules (called <strong>coenzymes<\/strong>), or metal ions. Coenzymes are freely diffusing organic molecules functions along with enzymes to carryout metabolic reactions. These coenzymes combine with the apoenzyme to form the holoenzyme.<br \/>\nHence, the correct option is <strong>(d) are organic cofactors<\/strong>.<br \/>\nCoenzymes are not apoenzymes. Apoenzymes are the parts of enzymes that require cofactors. The combination of apoenzyme and cofactor make up the holoenzyme. Cofactors are also called coenzymes, but they cannot be apoenzymes.<br \/>\nHence, the option (a) is incorrect.<br \/>\nCoenzymes are not proteins. They are organic cofactors. These cofactors can be inorganic ions. These cofactors combine with the apoenzyme to form the holoenzyme.<br \/>\nHence, the option (b) is incorrect.<br \/>\nCoenzymes are not inorganic cofactors. They are organic cofactors. These cofactors combine with the apoenzyme to form the holoenzyme.<br \/>\nHence, the option (c) is incorrect.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 11SA<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Yeast cells make alcohol and cause bread to rise, due to fermentation:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><br \/>\nWhen yeast ferments the bread, it breaks down glucose into two molecules of alcohol and two molecules of carbon dioxide. This process is used in the process of making bread and in alcohol production.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/farm1.staticflickr.com\/977\/42314407201_ca126777ae_o.png\" alt=\"microbiology-with-diseases-by-taxonomy-chapter-5-answers-11sa\" width=\"228\" height=\"324\" \/><br \/>\nSimilarly, in the process of making bread, both the products are present in the bread. Since, the glucose is broken down by the yeast the products of alcohol and carbon dioxide is present in the bread. The alcohol is baked out of the bread, while the carbon dioxide is responsible for the rise in bread.<br \/>\nIn the process of alcohol synthesis, the carbon dioxide formed from the reaction is released out of the alcohol. Sometimes, the carbon dioxide is used for carbonating specific beverages. The carbon dioxide is left inside the alcohol.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 12CT<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Bacterium regulates the control in metabolic activities of the cell without a brain:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><br \/>\nThe regulation seen in a bacterial cell can be controlled even in the absence of a brain. A variety of mechanisms are present, which plays an important role in regulation. Some of the mechanisms are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Inhibition in concentration of reactants and products.<\/li>\n<li>Presence of repressor molecules<\/li>\n<li>Presence of inhibitor or activator molecules<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>A good example would be feedback inhibition in which the product of a pathway inhibits the first enzyme of the pathway. This occurs when the product accumulates beyond a certain limit.<br \/>\nTherefore, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation are processes by which molecules are activated and deactivated. Another method is degeneration of proteins after their function is over.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 12MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nHence, the correct option is (d).<br \/>\nRibozymes are not proteins and they do not help in the production of ribosomes. They are enzymes, which process the synthesis of RNA (ribonucleic acid) molecules.<br \/>\nHence, the option (a) is incorrect.<br \/>\nRibozymes are composed of nucleic acids, but act enzymes. They do not produce ribose sugars, but process the synthesis of RNA molecules.<br \/>\nHence, the option (b) is incorrect.<br \/>\nRibozymes are enzymes, but do not store enzymes. Their main function is to process RNA molecules.<br \/>\nHence, the option (c) is incorrect.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 12SA<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Significant production of ATP in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The most significant production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in prokaryotic cells is the cell membrane. The cell membrane of prokaryotes has all the necessary enzymes for ATP production and does not need a special organelle in this process.<\/li>\n<li>The most significant production of ATP in eukaryotic cells is mitochondrion. The mitochondrion is a special organelle seen in eukaryotes. This organelle has its own DNA.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The parts of a mitochondrion are: Matrix, Cristae space, Outer membrane, Inner membrane, and Inter-membrane space<br \/>\nA diagram showing the structure of the mitochondrion is shown below:<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/farm1.staticflickr.com\/967\/28441721308_5a2bf9b78a_o.png\" alt=\"microbiology-with-diseases-by-taxonomy-chapter-5-answers-12sa\" width=\"527\" height=\"300\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 13CT<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nWhen a bacterium uses the process of ??oxidation to break down a molecule of arachidic acid containing 20 carbons, the number of acetyl CoA molecules generated would be 10.<br \/>\nEach acetyl CoA molecule consists of 2 carbon atoms.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>When a fatty acid consisting of 20 carbon atoms undergoes the process of ??oxidation for the first round, it is broken down into one molecule of acetyl CoA molecule and an 18 carbon fatty acid.<\/li>\n<li>In the second round of ??oxidation, 18 carbons are broken down into one molecule of acetyl CoA and 16 carbons. In third round of ??oxidation, 16 carbons are broken into one molecule of acetyl CoA and 14 carbons.<\/li>\n<li>In the fourth round of ??oxidation, 14 carbons are broken down into one molecule of acetyl Co A molecule and 12 carbons. In the fifth round of ??oxidation, 12 carbons are broken down into one acetyl CoA molecule and 10 carbons.<\/li>\n<li>In the sixth round of ??oxidation, 10 carbons are broken down into one molecule of acetyl CoA and 8 carbons. In the seventh round of ??oxidation, 8 carbons are broken down into one molecule of acetyl CoA molecule and 6 carbons.<\/li>\n<li>In the eighth round of ??oxidation, 6 carbons are broken down into one molecule of acetyl CoA and 4 carbon fatty acid. In the ninth round of ??oxidation, the 4 carbon fatty acid is broken down into two molecules of acetyl CoA.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Thus, takes 9 ??oxidation cycles for 20 carbon fatty acid and broken down into acetyl CoA molecules.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 13MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nUbiquinone does not affect the function of enzymes.<br \/>\n<strong>Ubiquinone:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe molecule of ubiquinone does not affect the function of enzymes. Ubiquinone is a carrier molecule in the transport of electrons in the electron transport chain. The electron transport chain does not affect the function of enzymes.<br \/>\nHence, the correct option is <strong>(a) ubiquinone<\/strong>.<br \/>\n<strong>Substrate concentration:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe concentration of substrates in the medium affects the function of enzymes. When the substrate concentration is high, it binds to the active site of the enzyme and the product is formed. When the substrate concentration is lower than normal, the function of the enzyme is affected.<br \/>\nHence, the option (b) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>Temperature: <\/strong><br \/>\nThe temperature of the medium affects the function of the enzyme. Enzymes work best at their optimum temperature. Many enzymes have a temperature range at which they can function. If this range is crossed, the enzymes cease to function. Hence, the option (c) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>Competitive inhibitors:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe presence of inhibitors also affects the function of the enzyme. In the presence of the substrate, the enzyme works perfectly. But, in the presence of competitive inhibitors, which compete with the substrate for the active site, the function of the enzyme is reduced.<br \/>\nHence, the option (d) is incorrect.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 13SA<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nVitamins are very much essential for the metabolism of microorganims. Microbes need the vitamins in trace amount. Most of the vitamins function as coenzymes. Coenzymes are organic molecules, which are covalently bound to the enzymes. Many coenzymes are synthesized from B vitamins.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 14CT<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Some desert rodents like Kangaroo rats that are able to live their entire lives without drinking any water. Kangaroo rats can survive on a diet of dry seeds and obtain all the moisture they need from their metabolic water. Their bodies are well adapted to the desert systems, which are highly efficient in conserving water.<\/li>\n<li>Kangaroo rats get all the water from their metabolic water, which is produced when their bodies break down food. They do not have sweat gland and do not sweat, preventing them from losing water due to evaporation, further more they have special oil glands on their backs that excretes oil to coat the fur , once again aiding in retaining water.<\/li>\n<li>Kangaroo rats have highly efficient kidneys that produce much more concentrated urine than most other mammals. Kidneys filter waste materials, water, and chemicals out of the body.<\/li>\n<li>Most of water is reabsorbed to the blood in the part of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/structure-function-nephron\/\">nephron<\/a> called Loop of Henle and tis is found to be much longer in kangaroo rats than in other mammals.<\/li>\n<li>This extra-long Loop of Henle help in the absorption of more water, resulting in highly concentrated urine and prevent the water loss in Kangaroo rats.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 14MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nHence, the correct option is <strong>(a) removal of hydrogen ions and electrons<\/strong>.<br \/>\n<strong>Removal of oxygen:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe removal of oxygen atoms does not indicate the process of oxidation. The process of oxidation is the donation of electrons or removal of electrons. In bacteria, hydrogen ions are transferred along with electrons in the process of oxidation. Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>Addition of electrons and hydrogen ions:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe process of reduction is the addition of electrons. The removal of electrons occurs in the process of oxidation. In bacteria, hydrogen ions are transferred along with electrons in the process of oxidation.<br \/>\nHence, the option (c) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>Addition of hydrogen ions:<\/strong><br \/>\nIt does not occur in the process of oxidation. The removal of electrons occurs in the process of oxidation. In bacteria, hydrogen ions are transferred along with electrons in the process of oxidation.<br \/>\nHence, the option (d) is incorrect.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 14SA<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nThe cellular regulatory mechanism seen in this bacterium, which would explain the behavior, is the lac operon.<br \/>\nThe lac operon is a set of genes which catabolize lactose. This operon is regulated by a regulator gene.<br \/>\nThese genes are <strong>switched on<\/strong> only in the <strong>absence of glucose<\/strong> and <strong>presence of lactose<\/strong>. In the presence of glucose these genes are switched off. The various components of the lac operon are described below:<br \/>\nThe <strong>regulator gene<\/strong> produces a repressor molecule, which binds to the operator region. This binding to the operator region inhibits the binding of RNA (ribonucleic acid) polymerase to the <strong>promoter region<\/strong>. This prevents transcription of the three structural genes.<br \/>\nIn the absence of glucose and presence of lactose, a lactose molecule binds to the repressor and alters its conformation. This alteration prevents its binding to the operator region. This lets RNA polymerase bind to the promoter region and transcribe the three genes.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 15CT<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Fatty acids contain even number of carbon atoms:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong> Explanation<\/strong><br \/>\nFatty acids usually have an even number of carbon atoms. This is because fatty acids are synthesized by adding two carbon atoms at a time. The catabolism of fatty acid occurs by cleavage of two carbons at a time. The two carbons are released as acetyl CoA molecules.<br \/>\n<strong>Synthesis:<\/strong><br \/>\nIn the synthesis of a fatty acid, a molecule of malonyl CoA is joined with a molecule of acetyl CoA. The malonyl CoA molecule is a three carbon compound, while acetyl CoA is a two carbon compound. Moreover, one carbon is lost as carbon dioxide leaving a 4-carbon compound. Furthermore, addition is made by malonyl CoA to add two carbon atoms to the chain and lose one carbon atom.<br \/>\n<strong>Catabolism:<\/strong><br \/>\nIn the process of ??oxidation, in every cycle, a two carbon fragment is cleaved from the fatty acid in the form of an acetyl CoA molecule. The ??oxidation cycle continues till whole fatty acid is broken down into acetyl CoA molecules.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 15MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nThe fermentation of one glucose molecule under anaerobic conditions does not give a net gain of 4 ATP molecules. The process of fermentation of glucose gives 2 ATP molecules. Under aerobic conditions, one glucose molecule gives 38 molecules of ATP through the processes of glycolysis, Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain.<br \/>\nHence, the option (b) is incorrect.<br \/>\nThe fermentation of one glucose molecule under anaerobic conditions does not give a net gain of 38 ATP molecules. The process of fermentation of glucose gives 2 ATP molecules. Under aerobic conditions only, one glucose molecule gives 38 molecules of ATP.<br \/>\nHence, the option (c) is incorrect.<br \/>\nThe fermentation of one glucose molecule under anaerobic conditions does not give a net gain of 0 ATP molecules. The process of fermentation of glucose gives 2 ATP molecules. Under aerobic conditions only, one glucose molecule gives 38 molecules of ATP.<br \/>\nHence, the option (d) is incorrect.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 15SA<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>Amination<\/strong> is the process of <strong>addition of an amino group<\/strong> to a molecule. <strong>Transamination<\/strong> is the <strong>transfer of an amino group<\/strong> from one molecule to another.<br \/>\nAmination is the reverse process of deamination. Deamination is the removal of an amino group from a molecule. One example of amination is:<br \/>\n<strong>Formation of aspartic acid from oxaloacetic acid:<\/strong><br \/>\nAn example of transamination would be the transfer of one amino acid to another. In this reaction the enzyme <strong>transaminase<\/strong> acts along with pyridoxal phosphate. The amino group from glutamic acid is transferred to oxaloacetic acid. The removal of an amino group from glutamic acid causes the formation of a-ketoglutaric acid.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 16CT<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nA molecule of glucose is catabolized by Embden-Meyerhof glycolysis and Krebs cycle. The number of molecules ATP, NADH, and FADH2 produced are, as follows:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Glycolysis:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>2 ATP<\/li>\n<li>2 NADH<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Two pyruvate molecules to acetyl CoA:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>2 NADH<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Krebs cycle: ( for two pyruvate molecules)<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>6 NADH<\/li>\n<li>2 ATP\/GTP<\/li>\n<li>2 FADH<sub>2<\/sub><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>When a molecule of glucose is catabolized via the Entner Doudoroff pathway, and the number of molecules ATP, NADH, FADH2 produced are:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Glycolysis:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>1 ATP<\/li>\n<li>1 NADH<\/li>\n<li>1 NADPH<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Two pyruvate molecules to acetyl CoA:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>2 NADH<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Krebs cycle: ( for two pyruvate molecules)<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>6 NADH<\/li>\n<li>2 ATP\/GTP<\/li>\n<li>2 FADH<sub>2<\/sub><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 16MC<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The complete oxidation of one glucose molecule under aerobic conditions gives a net gain of 38 ATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecules. Under aerobic conditions, one glucose molecule gives 38 molecules of ATP through the processes of glycolysis, Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain.<br \/>\nHence, the correct option is (c) 38.<\/li>\n<li>The complete oxidation of one glucose molecule under aerobic conditions does not give the net gain of 2 ATP molecules. Under aerobic conditions, one glucose molecule gives 38 molecules of ATP through the processes of glycolysis, Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain.<br \/>\nHence, the option (a) is incorrect.<\/li>\n<li>The complete oxidation of one glucose molecule under aerobic conditions does not give a net gain of 4 ATP molecules. Under aerobic conditions, one glucose molecule gives 38 molecules of ATP through the processes of glycolysis, Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain.<br \/>\nHence, the option (b) is incorrect.<\/li>\n<li>The complete oxidation of one glucose molecule under aerobic conditions does not give a net gain of 0 ATP molecules. Under aerobic conditions only, one glucose molecule gives 38 molecules of ATP.<br \/>\nHence, the option (d) is incorrect.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 16SA<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\nThe given diagram depicts the most important metabolic pathways like glycolysis, Kreb\u2019s cycle, respiration, fermentation, and electron transport chain. The diagram with the appropriate labeled parts and the net gain of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) synthesized per stage is shown:<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/farm1.staticflickr.com\/978\/28441721168_3814858a35_o.png\" alt=\"microbiology-with-diseases-by-taxonomy-chapter-5-answers-16sa\" width=\"350\" height=\"478\" \/><br \/>\nHere,<br \/>\nATP= adenosine triphosphate,<br \/>\nNADH= Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide,<br \/>\nFADH<sub>2<\/sub>= flavin adenine dinucleotide.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 17MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>a) Its products are sometimes used to determine the presence of Pseudomonas :<\/strong><br \/>\nA few bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis use the Entner Doudoroff pathway for the catabolism of glucose. Since, this pathway is seen only in a few bacteria, it is used as a criterion for distinguishing these bacteria from other microorganisms. Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>b) It is a pathway of chemical reactions that catabolizes glucose:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe Entner Doudoroff pathway is a pathway which catabolizes glucose in some organisms. It is an alternative pathway for the catabolism or breakdown of glucose. This pathway gives lesser ATP than 38 ATP. Hence, this option is incorrect. Hence, the option (c) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>c) It is an alternative pathway to glycolysis:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe Entner Doudoroff pathway is an substitute pathway to glycolysis. It does not give a high yield of 38 ATP after the catabolism of glucose. But, this pathway is seen in some organisms like Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterococcus faecalis. Hence, the option (d) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>d) It is a series of reactions that synthesizes glucose:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe Entner Doudoroff pathway does not synthesize glucose. It is an alternative pathway for the catabolism or breakdown of glucose. This pathway gives lesser ATP than 38 ATP. Gluconeogenesis is a process in which glucose is synthesized from molecules like amino acids and fatty acids.<br \/>\nHence, the correct option is <strong>(a) it is a series of reactions that synthesizes glucose<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 18MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>a) Krebs cycle:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe Krebs cycle is a light-dependent cycle. Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and Electron transport chain are the light dependent cycles. When glucose is broken down using these three pathways, the net gain of 38 ATP molecules is achieved. The Krebs cycle does not have any light-independent reactions. Hence, the option (a) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>b) Entner-Doudoroff pathway:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe Entner-Doudoroff pathway is not a light-independent pathway. It is an alternative pathway to glycolysis in some organisms. Since, glycolysis is a light-dependent pathway, Entner-Doudoroff pathway is also a light-dependent pathway. Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>c) Pentose phosphate pathway:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe pentose phosphate pathway is not a pathway, which is independent of light. It is dependent on light. The ATP produced in this cycle is less than the 38 ATP molecules produced during glycolysis. This pathway produces two metabolites of ribose-5-phosphate and erythrose-4-phosphate, which is needed for the synthesis of nucleotides and amino acids. Hence, the option (d) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>d) Calvin-Benson cycle:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe Calvin cycle is a light-independent cycle. In this pathway, carbon fixation occurs. The molecule of carbon dioxide is reduced to form glucose. This pathway uses ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) produced by the light-dependent reactions. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate is produced and enters a cycle that is reversal of glycolysis to generate glucose.<br \/>\nHence, the correct option is <strong>(c) Calvin benson cycle<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 19MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>a) Amphibolic:<\/strong><br \/>\nAn amphibolic pathway is one in the reaction can proceed towards either catabolism or anabolism. The pathway of glycolysis is not an amphibolic pathway. Glycolysis is a catabolic pathway, which deals with the breakdown of glucose molecules. In catabolic pathway big and complex molecules are broken down to smaller and simpler molecules. Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>b) Anabolic:<\/strong><br \/>\nAn anabolic pathway is one in which the synthesis of big and complex molecules occurs. Small and simple molecules are used to make the bigger and complex molecules. Glycolysis is a catabolic pathway, which deals with the breakdown of glucose molecules. Hence, the option (c) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>c) Cyclical:<\/strong><br \/>\nA cyclical pathway is one in which the ending product is used as a precursor. A good example is the Krebs cycle. In this cycle, acetyl CoA is the starting molecule and the product at the end is acetyl CoA. The intermediates of the cycle are important. Glycolysis is a pathway and not a cycle. Hence, the option (d) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>e) Catabolic:<\/strong><br \/>\nIn catabolic pathway big and complex molecules are broken down to smaller, simpler molecules. In the glycolysis pathway, a molecule of glucose is broken down to produce pyruvate. In addition to pyruvate, ATP molecules are also formed which give energy to the cell.<br \/>\nHence, the correct option is <strong>(a) catabolic<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><strong>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 20MC<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<strong>a) In the use of oxygen:<\/strong><br \/>\nOxygen cannot be the difference between anaerobic respiration and anaerobic fermentation. Since, both the processes are anaerobic oxygen does not come into the process. Hence, the option (a) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>b) That the former requires breathing:<\/strong><br \/>\nBreathing comes under aerobic respiration, but not under anaerobic respiration. The difference between anaerobic respiration and anaerobic fermentation is that respiration requires breathing. Hence, the option (b) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>c) Fermentation only produces alcohol:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe process of anaerobic fermentation produces alcohol and other by-products are also produced. A net gain of 2 ATP (adenosine triphosphate) molecules is produced. This is not the major difference between anaerobic respiration and anaerobic fermentation. Hence, the option (d) is incorrect.<br \/>\n<strong>d) The latter uses organic molecules within the cell as final electron acceptors:<\/strong><br \/>\nA major difference between anaerobic respiration and anaerobic fermentation is the latter uses organic molecules within the cell as final electron acceptors. The process of anaerobic fermentation uses organic molecules present in the cell as electron acceptors. In the process of anaerobic respiration, inorganic molecules are used as the final electron acceptor.<br \/>\nHence, the correct option is <strong>(c) the latter uses organic molecules within the cell as final electron acceptors<\/strong>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Answers Microbiology with Diseases by Taxonomy Chapter 5 Answers 1CM The terms given in the question are: 2 ATP (2) 34 ATP Chemiosmosis Electron transport chain Glycolysis Krebs cycle Oxidative phosphorylation Substrate level phosphorylation (2) Synthesis of acetyl coA Glycolysis is the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[14132],"tags":[14136,14137,14134,14135,14125,14126,14124,14121,14128,14130,14120,14118,14119,14129,14123,14117,14122,14131,14127,14133],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v17.8 (Yoast SEO v17.8) - 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