{"id":15200,"date":"2022-11-20T10:00:12","date_gmt":"2022-11-20T04:30:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/?p=15200"},"modified":"2022-11-21T10:14:37","modified_gmt":"2022-11-21T04:44:37","slug":"alcohol-made-properties-uses","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/alcohol-made-properties-uses\/","title":{"rendered":"What is alcohol and how is it made?"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Alcohols<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n Naming alcohols<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n <\/p>\n Isomers of alcohols<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n Naming alcohols example: Table shows the structural formulae of the isomers of propanol and butanol. The first two members of the alcohol family, methanol and ethanol, do not have isomers. Their structural formulae are as shown below. People also ask<\/strong><\/p>\n Industrial production of ethanol<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n Making ethanol by fermentation<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n Making ethanol by hydration<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n Aim:<\/strong> To prepare samples of ethanol. Observations:<\/strong><\/p>\n Discussion:<\/strong><\/p>\n Conclusion:<\/strong> Physical properties of alcohols<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n Chemical properties of ethanol<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n Ethanol<\/strong> has a set of reactions determined by its functional group, the hydroxyl group. Oxidation:<\/strong><\/p>\n Dehydration:<\/strong><\/p>\n Aim:<\/strong> To investigate the chemical properties of ethanol. A. Combustion of ethanol Procedure: Observations: Discussion:<\/strong><\/p>\n B. Oxidation of ethanol<\/strong><\/p>\n Procedure:<\/strong><\/p>\n Observations:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
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\nHence, the general formula of the alcohol family is Cn<\/sub>H2n+1<\/sub>OH<\/strong>, where n = 1, 2, 3,…<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nHow do we name alcohols?<\/strong><\/h2>\n
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\nStep 1:<\/strong> Obtain the name of the alkane with the same number of carbon atoms as the alcohol.
\nStep 2:<\/strong> Replace the ending -e<\/strong> <\/em>from the name of the alkane with –<\/strong>ol.<\/strong><\/em>
\nStep 3:<\/strong> A number is placed to in front of the –<\/strong>ol<\/strong><\/em>\u00a0to indicate which carbon atom the hydroxyl group is attached to.
\nFor example:
\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n
\n(a) the branching of the carbon chain
\n<\/strong>(b) the different locations of the hydroxyl group<\/strong><\/li>\n
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\n<\/strong>Name the structure shown below.
\nSolution:<\/strong>
\nStep 1:<\/strong> Find the longest continuous carbon chain containing the hydroxyl group.
\nStep 2:<\/strong> Name this longest chain by substituting the ending -ol<\/strong><\/em> for the -e<\/strong> <\/em>of the corresponding alkane.
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\nStep 3:<\/strong> Number the carbon atoms in this longest chain beginning at the end nearer to the hydroxyl group. This will ensure that the hydroxyl group always receives the lowest possible number.
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\nStep 4:<\/strong> Identify the position of the hydroxyl group by writing the number of the carbon atom to which it is attached in front of the ending -0l.<\/em>
\nNote: The position of the hydroxyl group needs to be indicated only for chains of three or more carbon atoms.
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\nStep 5:<\/strong> Locate and name the attached alkyl group.
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\nStep 6:<\/strong> Complete the name for the alcohol molecule by combining the three component parts together. Write the name as a single word.
\nName of the molecule:\u00a02-methylbutan-2-ol<\/strong><\/p>\n
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How is ethyl alcohol made?<\/strong><\/h2>\n
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\n(a) From sugars and starch by fermentation
\n(b) From petroleum fractions by hydration<\/li>\nHow do you make ethanol by fermentation?<\/strong><\/h2>\n
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\n<\/li>\nPreparation of ethanol in the laboratory experiment<\/strong><\/h2>\n
\nMaterials:<\/strong> Glucose, yeast, limewater, distilled water, filter paper, mashed pineapple, cooked potatoes, tap water.
\nApparatus:<\/strong> 250 cm3<\/sup> conical flask, 150 cm3<\/sup> conical flask, 500 cm3<\/sup> beaker, 50 cm3<\/sup> measuring cylinder, distillationflask, stopper with delivery tube, stopper with one hole, thermometer, Liebig condenser, fractionating column, retort stands and clamps, tripod stand, wire gauze, Bunsen burner, rubber tubing, filter funnel, boiling tube.
\nProcedure:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
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\nThe carbon dioxide released turns limewater milky.
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\nEthanol can be obtained by the fermentation of glucose found in sugars or carbohydrates.<\/p>\nWhat are the physical properties of alcohol?<\/strong><\/h2>\n
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\n(a) It is a liquid at room conditions.
\n(b) It is colourless.
\n(c) It has a sharp smell.
\n(d) It is completely miscible with water.
\n(e) It has a low boiling point (78\u00b0C).
\n(f) It is highly volatile.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
\nCombustion:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n
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\n(a) It decolourises red-brown bromine water.
\n(b) It decolourises purple acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution.<\/li>\n
\n(a) Ethanol vapour is passed over a heated catalyst<\/strong> such as unglazed porcelain chips, porous pot, pumice stone or aluminium oxide.
\n(b) Ethanol is heated under reflux<\/strong> at 170\u00b0C with excess concentrated sulphuric acid.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\nChemical properties of ethanol experiment<\/strong><\/h2>\n
\nMaterials:<\/strong> Ethanol, potassium dichromate(VI) solution, potassium manganate(VII) solution, concentrated sulphuric acid, bromine water, blue litmus paper, glass wool, ice, unglazed porcelain chips, wooden splint, water.
\nApparatus:<\/strong> Evaporating dish, test tubes, boiling tube, stopper with delivery tube, test tube holder, beaker, retort stand and clamp, Bunsen burner, 10 cm3<\/sup> measuring cylinder, dropper, forceps.<\/p>\n
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\n Test<\/strong><\/td>\n Observation<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Combustibility<\/td>\n Catches fire readily<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Colour of flame<\/td>\n Blue<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n Sootiness of flame<\/td>\n Non-sooty<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n \n
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\n Test on distillate<\/strong><\/td>\n Observation<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n