{"id":14614,"date":"2022-11-20T10:00:42","date_gmt":"2022-11-20T04:30:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/?p=14614"},"modified":"2022-11-21T10:19:10","modified_gmt":"2022-11-21T04:49:10","slug":"saponification-soap-making-process","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/saponification-soap-making-process\/","title":{"rendered":"What is saponification in soap making?"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>What is saponification in soap making?<\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>What is soap?<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids<\/li>\n<li>The general formula of a soap can be written as RCOO<sup>&#8211;<\/sup>Na<sup>+<\/sup> or RCOO<sup>&#8211;<\/sup>K<sup>+<\/sup>, where R is an alkyl group usually containing 12 or 18 carbon atoms. R can be saturated or unsaturated.<br \/>\n<table border=\"2\" width=\"593\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"94\"><strong>Soap<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"165\"><strong>Formula<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"94\">Sodium laurate<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"165\">CH<sub>3<\/sub>(CH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>10<\/sub>COO<sup>&#8211;<\/sup>Na<sup>+<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"94\">Sodium palmitate<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"165\">CH<sub>3<\/sub>(CH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>14<\/sub>COO<sup>&#8211;<\/sup>Na<sup>+<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"94\">Potassium stearate<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"165\">CH<sub>3<\/sub>(CH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>16<\/sub>COO<sup>&#8211;<\/sup>K<sup>+<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"94\">Potassium oleate<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"165\">CH<sub>3<\/sub>(CH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>7<\/sub>CH=CH(CH<sub>2<\/sub>)<sub>7<\/sub>COO<sup>&#8211;<\/sup>K<sup>+<\/sup><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>The history of soap manufacturing<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>In the past, soap was made by mixing animal fats with alkaline wood ashes.<\/li>\n<li>Large-scale commercial soap making occurred in 1791 when a French chemist, Nicholas Leblanc patented a process for making soda ash or sodium carbonate from common salt. The process yielded large quantities of quality soda ash.<\/li>\n<li>Twenty years later, Belgian chemist Ernest Solvay developed a process to further reduce the cost of obtaining soda ash, thereby reducing the cost of soap manufacturing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Soap preparation process<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Soaps can be made from animal fats and vegetable oils.<\/li>\n<li>The animal fats most commonly used are fats from cows and goats.<\/li>\n<li>The vegetable oils often used are palm oil, olive oil and coconut oil.<\/li>\n<li>Soaps are prepared by hydrolysing fats or oils under alkaline condition. The reaction is called <strong>saponification.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>The <strong>saponification<\/strong> process involves boiling fats or oils with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution or concentrated potassium hydroxide solution to produce glycerol and the salts of fatty acids which are the soaps.<\/li>\n<li>The general equation for this reaction is:<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-116665\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/What-is-saponification-in-soap-making-1.png\" alt=\"What is saponification in soap making 1\" width=\"393\" height=\"386\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/What-is-saponification-in-soap-making-1.png 393w, https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/What-is-saponification-in-soap-making-1-300x295.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 393px) 100vw, 393px\" \/><br \/>\nwhere the three alkyl groups (R, R&#8217; and R&#8221;) can be the same or different groups.<\/li>\n<li>The fats or oils are hydrolysed first to form glycerol and fatty acids. The acids then react with an alkali to form the corresponding sodium or potassium salts.<\/li>\n<li>The following equation shows how a soap, sodium palmitate, is prepared.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-116666\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/What-is-saponification-in-soap-making-2.png\" alt=\"What is saponification in soap making 2\" width=\"392\" height=\"215\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/What-is-saponification-in-soap-making-2.png 392w, https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/What-is-saponification-in-soap-making-2-300x165.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 392px) 100vw, 392px\" \/><\/li>\n<li>When concentrated potassium hydroxide solution is used instead of concentrated sodium hydroxide solution, a potassium soap, potassium palmitate is formed.<\/li>\n<li>Potassium soaps are softer and milder than sodium soaps and are usually used for bathing.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>People also ask<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/make-detergent\/\">How do you make detergent?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/explain-cleansing-action-soap-detergent\/\">Explain the cleansing action of soap and detergent<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/distinguish-soaps-detergents\/\">How are soaps and detergents different?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/advantages-of-synthetic-detergents-over-soap\/\">What are the Advantages of Synthetic Detergents over Soap?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/types-food-additives-functions\/\">Types of food additives and their functions<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/different-types-medicine\/\">What are the different types of medicine?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/the-existence-of-chemicals\/\">The Existence of Chemicals<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Saponification process of making soap experiment<\/h2>\n<p><strong>Aim:<\/strong> To prepare soap using the saponification process.<br \/>\n<strong>Materials:<\/strong> Palm oil, 5 mol dm<sup>-3<\/sup> sodium hydroxide solution, sodium chloride powder, filter paper, distilled water.<br \/>\n<strong>Apparatus: <\/strong>250 cm<sup>3<\/sup> beaker, 50 cm<sup>3<\/sup> measuring cylinder, spatula, glass rod, filter funnel, wire gauze, tripod stand,<br \/>\nBunsen burner, test tube.<br \/>\n<strong>Safety Measures:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u2022 Wear safety goggles.<br \/>\n\u2022 Concentrated sodium hydroxide solution is caustic. Avoid skin contact.<br \/>\n<strong>Procedure:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>10 cm<sup>3<\/sup> of palm oil is poured into a beaker.<\/li>\n<li>50 cm<sup>3<\/sup> of 5 mol dm<sup>-3<\/sup> sodium hydroxide solution is added to the palm oil.<\/li>\n<li>The mixture is heated until it boils.<\/li>\n<li>The mixture is stirred with a glass rod.<\/li>\n<li>The mixture is allowed to boil for 10 minutes.<\/li>\n<li>The beaker is removed from the heat. 50 cm<sup>3<\/sup> of distilled water and three spatulaful of sodium chloride are added to the mixture.<\/li>\n<li>The mixture is boiled for another 5 minutes.<\/li>\n<li>The mixture is allowed to cool.<\/li>\n<li>The soap is filtered out. The soap is washed with a little distilled water.<\/li>\n<li>The soap is pressed between a few pieces of filter paper to dry it.<\/li>\n<li>The soap is felt with the fingers. A small amount of the soap is placed in a test tube. Water is added into the<br \/>\ntest tube. The mixture is then shaken.<\/li>\n<li>The observations are recorded:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Observations:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe soap feels slippery. When the mixture Of the soap and water is shaken, lather is formed.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Discussion:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>When palm oil is heated with sodium hydroxide solution, a soap is formed. The word equation for the saponification process involved in this activity is:<br \/>\nPalm oil + concentrated sodium hydroxide solution \u2192 soap + glycerol<\/li>\n<li>The soap formed can be precipitated by adding sodium chloride. This is because sodium chloride lowers the solubility of soap in water.<\/li>\n<li>The glycerol and excess sodium hydroxide solution are removed by rinsing the soap formed with water.<\/li>\n<li>Soaps have the following properties:<br \/>\n(a) Soaps feel slippery.<br \/>\n(b) Soaps form lather when they are shaken with water.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Conclusion:<\/strong><br \/>\nSoaps can be prepared by heating palm Oil with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is saponification in soap making? &nbsp; What is soap? Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids The general formula of a soap can be written as RCOO&#8211;Na+ or RCOO&#8211;K+, where R is an alkyl group usually containing 12 or 18 carbon atoms. R can be saturated or unsaturated. Soap Formula Sodium [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[84],"tags":[5645,5653,5651,5652,5660,5641,5642,5646,5648,5644,5647,5659,5649,5643,5654,5650,5640,5655],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v17.8 (Yoast SEO v17.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What is saponification in soap making? - A Plus Topper<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/saponification-soap-making-process\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What is saponification in soap making?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"What is saponification in soap making? &nbsp; What is soap? 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Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids The general formula of a soap can be written as RCOO&#8211;Na+ or RCOO&#8211;K+, where R is an alkyl group usually containing 12 or 18 carbon atoms. R can be saturated or unsaturated. 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