{"id":14038,"date":"2022-11-18T16:00:32","date_gmt":"2022-11-18T10:30:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/?p=14038"},"modified":"2022-11-19T16:24:49","modified_gmt":"2022-11-19T10:54:49","slug":"physical-chemical-properties-group-17-elements","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/physical-chemical-properties-group-17-elements\/","title":{"rendered":"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><strong>Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Group 17 Elements: The Halogens<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>The elements in <strong>Group 17<\/strong> are:<br \/>\nFluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine Astatine<\/li>\n<li>These elements are known as <strong>halogens.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li>(a) Halogen is a Greek word which means salt-former\u2019.<br \/>\n(b) This is because<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>halogens are <strong>reactive non-metals.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>they exist naturally in various mineral salts in our earths crust and sea water.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Molecur formulae of halogens<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Halogens exist as <strong>diatomic covalent molecules.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Table shows the molecular formulae of halogens.<br \/>\n<table style=\"height: 5px;\" border=\"2\" width=\"510\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"55\"><strong>Halogen<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"47\">Fluorine<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"46\">Chlorine<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"46\">Bromine<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"46\">Iodine<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"47\">Astatine<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"55\"><strong>Molecular formula<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"47\">F<sub>2<\/sub><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"46\">Cl<sub>2<\/sub><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"46\">Br<sub>2<\/sub><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"46\">I<sub>2<\/sub><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"47\">At<sub>2<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Electronegativity of halogens<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Definition:<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>The <strong>electronegativity<\/strong> of an element is a measurement of the strength of its atom in a molecule to pull electrons towards its nucleus.<\/li>\n<li>Halogens are <strong>very electronegative.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Table shows the electronegativities of halogens.<br \/>\n<table style=\"height: 12px;\" border=\"2\" width=\"534\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"101\"><strong>Element<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"47\">Fluorine<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"46\">Chlorine<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"46\">Bromine<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"46\">Iodine<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"101\"><strong>Electronegativity (Pauling scale)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"47\">4.0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"46\">3.0<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"46\">2.8<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"46\">2.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/li>\n<li>(a) The electronegativity of halogens decreases when going down the group.<br \/>\n(b) This can be explained as below:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The<strong> number of shells<\/strong> occupied with electrons in the atoms of halogens <strong>increases<\/strong> when going down the group.<\/li>\n<li>This causes the <strong>outermost occupied shell<\/strong> to become <strong>further away<\/strong> from the nucleus and is screened by more inner shells containing electrons.<\/li>\n<li>Hence, the strength of the nucleus to <strong>attract electrons<\/strong> becomes <strong>weaker.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>People also ask<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/history-periodic-table-elements\/\">What is the periodic table of the elements?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/physical-chemical-properties-group-1-elements\/\">Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 1 Elements<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/physical-chemical-properties-group-18-elements\/\">Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 18 Elements<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/mean-transition-metals\/\">What do you mean by transition metals?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/need-classification-elements\/\">What is the Need for Classification of Elements?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/modern-periodic-table-significance\/\">Modern Periodic Table and Its Significance<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/mendeleev-arrange-the-periodic-table\/\">How did Mendeleev Arrange the Periodic Table?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/periodic-trends-properties-elements\/\">Periodic Trends in Properties of Elements<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/valency-and-atomic-radius\/\">What is Valency and Atomic Radius?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/metallic-and-nonmetallic-properties\/\">What are Metallic and Nonmetallic Properties?<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>Physical properties of Group 17 elements<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><strong>1.<\/strong> Table shows some physical properties of Group 17 elements.<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 159px;\" border=\"2\" width=\"575\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"108\"><strong>Element<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"47\">Fluorine<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"48\">Chlorine<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"48\">Bromine<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"37\">Iodine<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"108\"><strong>Molecular formula<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"47\">F<sub>2<\/sub><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"48\">Cl<sub>2<\/sub><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"48\">Br<sub>2<\/sub><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"37\">I<sub>2<\/sub><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"108\"><strong>Proton number<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"47\">9<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"48\">17<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"48\">35<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"37\">53<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"108\"><strong>Atomic radius (nm<\/strong>)<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"47\">0.071<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"48\">0.099<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"48\">0.114<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"37\">0.133<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"108\"><strong>Density (g cm<sup>-1<\/sup>)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"47\">0.0017<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"48\">0.0032<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"48\">3.13<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"37\">4.94<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"108\"><strong>Melting point (\u00b0C)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"47\">-220<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"48\">-101<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"48\">-7<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"37\">114<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"108\"><strong>Boiling point (\u00b0C)<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"47\">-188<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"48\">-35<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"48\">59<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"37\">184<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>2. General physical properties of Group 17 elements<br \/>\n<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>(a) Physical states and colours<\/strong><br \/>\nTable shows the physical states and colours of various halogens.<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 46px;\" border=\"2\" width=\"473\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"78\"><strong>Halogen<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"173\"><strong>Physical state and colour<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"78\">Fluorine<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"173\">Pale yellow gas<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"78\">Chlorine<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"173\">Greenish-yellow gas<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"78\">Bromine<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"173\">Reddish-brown liquid<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"78\">Iodine<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"173\">Purplish-black solid<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>The colours of the halogens <strong>become darker<\/strong> when going down Group 17.<br \/>\n<strong>(b)\u00a0<\/strong>All halogens have <strong>low melting<\/strong> and <strong>boiling points.<\/strong><br \/>\nThis can be explained as below:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The halogen molecules are held together by <strong>weak van der Waals forces of attraction.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Hence, <strong>small amount of heat energy<\/strong> is needed to overcome it during melting or boiling.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>All halogens have <strong>low densities.<\/strong><br \/>\nAll halogens <strong>do not conduct electricity.<\/strong><br \/>\nAll halogens are <strong>weak conductors of heat.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>3. Trend of change in the physical properties<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>However, some of the physical properties mentioned above vary gradually when going down Group 17, as shown in Table.<\/p>\n<table border=\"2\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"90\"><strong>Group 17 elements<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" colspan=\"3\" width=\"514\"><strong>Trend of change in the physical properties<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"90\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-109828\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-1.png\" alt=\"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements 1\" width=\"72\" height=\"257\" \/><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"156\">The <strong>atomic radius (atomic size)<\/strong> of the halogens <strong>increases gradually<\/strong> down the group.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Reason:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe <strong>number of shells<\/strong> occupied with electrons <strong>increases<\/strong> down the group.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"246\">Although halogens have <strong>low melting and boiling points<\/strong>, the melting and boiling points <strong>increase<\/strong> down the group.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Reason:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe<strong> molecular size<\/strong> of the halogens<strong> increases<\/strong> down the group.<br \/>\nHence, the forces of attraction between the halogen molecules <strong>become stronger<\/strong> down the group.<br \/>\nConsequently, <strong>more heat energy<\/strong> is required to overcome the stronger forces of attraction during melting or boiling.<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"112\">Although halogens have <strong>low densities,<\/strong> the density of the halogens <strong>increases gradually<\/strong> down the group.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><strong>Chemical properties\u00a0<\/strong><strong>of Group 17 elements<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>1. Table shows the electron arrangements of halogens.<\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 95px;\" border=\"2\" width=\"415\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"111\"><strong>Element<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"146\"><strong>Electron arrangement<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"111\">Fluorine<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"146\">2.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"111\">Chlorine<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"146\">2.8.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"111\">Bromine<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"146\">2.8.18.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"111\">Iodine<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"146\">2.8.18.18.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"111\">Astatine<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"146\">2.8.18.32.18.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>2. Similar chemical properties<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>All halogens exhibit<strong> similar<\/strong> chemical properties.<\/li>\n<li>This is because all the atoms of halogens have <strong>7 valence electrons.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>3. Reactivity<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Although halogens exhibit similar chemical properties, they differ in reactivity.<\/li>\n<li>The <strong>reactivity<\/strong> of halogens <strong>decreases<\/strong> when going down Group 17.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-109830\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-2.png\" alt=\"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements 2\" width=\"344\" height=\"47\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-2.png 344w, https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-2-300x41.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 344px) 100vw, 344px\" \/><\/li>\n<li>The reactivity of a halogen is measured by how easily its <strong>atom accepts one electron<\/strong> to achieve <strong>a stable noble gas electron arrangement<\/strong> (octet electron arrangement).<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-109831\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-3.png\" alt=\"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements 3\" width=\"342\" height=\"224\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-3.png 342w, https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-3-300x196.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 342px) 100vw, 342px\" \/><\/li>\n<li>The easier the atom of a halogen gains one electron, the more reactive is the halogen,<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Explanation:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe <strong>decrease<\/strong> in the reactivity down Group 17 can be explained as follows.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>All halogens have <strong>seven valence electrons.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Each halogen atom <strong>will gain one electron<\/strong> to achieve a <strong>stable octet electron arrangement.<\/strong> Hence, an ion with a charge of -1 is formed.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-109857\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-4.png\" alt=\"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements 4\" width=\"278\" height=\"335\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-4.png 278w, https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-4-249x300.png 249w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 278px) 100vw, 278px\" \/><\/li>\n<li>When going down Group 17, the <strong>atomic size<\/strong> of halogens <strong>increases.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>The outermost occupied shell becomes <strong>further away<\/strong> from the nucleus and is <strong>screened by more inner shells<\/strong> containing electrons.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-109858\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-5.png\" alt=\"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements 5\" width=\"254\" height=\"342\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-5.png 254w, https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-5-223x300.png 223w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 254px) 100vw, 254px\" \/><\/li>\n<li>This means that the <strong>effective nuclear charge<\/strong> exerted on the outer valence shell <strong>decreases<\/strong> when going down the group.<\/li>\n<li>Hence, the <strong>attractive forces<\/strong> exerted by the <strong>nucleus<\/strong> to <strong>attract one more electron<\/strong> into the valence shell decreases when going down the group.<\/li>\n<li>This causes the <strong>reactivity<\/strong> of halogens to <strong>decrease<\/strong> down the group.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>4. As oxidising agents<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Oxidising agents are good electron acceptors in chemical reactions.<\/li>\n<li>Halogens are <strong>good oxidising agents<\/strong> because the atoms of each halogen can <strong>easily accept one electron<\/strong> to achieve a stable octet electron arrangement.<\/li>\n<li>The <strong>strength<\/strong> of the halogens as <strong>oxidising agents decreases<\/strong> when going down Group 17.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-109860\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-6.png\" alt=\"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements 6\" width=\"342\" height=\"55\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-6.png 342w, https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-6-300x48.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 342px) 100vw, 342px\" \/><br \/>\nThis is because the <strong>strength<\/strong> of the nucleus of a halogen atom <strong>to attract one more electron<\/strong> into the valence shell (outermost shell) <strong>decreases<\/strong> when going down the group.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>5. Electronegativity<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Halogens are very electronegative.<br \/>\nHowever, the electronegativity of the halogens decreases when going down Group 17.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-109862\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-7.png\" alt=\"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements 7\" width=\"334\" height=\"50\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-7.png 334w, https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-7-300x45.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 334px) 100vw, 334px\" \/><br \/>\nThis can be explained as below:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The <strong>atomic size<\/strong> of halogens <strong>increases<\/strong> from fluorine to astatine.<\/li>\n<li>The <strong>outermost occupied shell<\/strong> (valence shell) becomes <strong>further away<\/strong> from the nucleus and is <strong>screened<\/strong> by <strong>more inner shells<\/strong> containing electrons.<\/li>\n<li>This causes a <strong>decrease<\/strong> in the <strong>effective nuclear charge.<\/strong> So, the strength to pull the electrons in a molecule towards its nucleus <strong>decreases<\/strong> when going down the group.<\/li>\n<li>Hence, the <strong>electronegativity decreases<\/strong> from fluorine to astatine<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>6.<\/strong> Group 17 elements exhibit <strong>similar chemical properties<\/strong> in their reactions with<br \/>\n(a) water to produce two types of acids.<br \/>\n(b) iron to produce iron(III) halides.<br \/>\n(c) sodium hydroxide solution to produce two types of sodium salts and water.<\/p>\n<p><strong>7. To predict the properties of astatine<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Astatine is placed below iodine in Group 17 of the Periodic Table.<\/li>\n<li>Hence, astatine is expected to react with water, iron and sodium hydroxide solution in the similar way as iodine but these reactions are slower (less reactive) than iodine.<\/li>\n<li>For example:<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-109863\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-8.png\" alt=\"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements 8\" width=\"371\" height=\"122\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-8.png 371w, https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-8-300x99.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 371px) 100vw, 371px\" \/><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>8. Safety precautions in handling Group 17 elements<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Fluorine is not only <strong>poisonous<\/strong> but also a <strong>very dangerous reactive gas,<\/strong> whereas astatine is <strong>radioactive.<\/strong> Therefore, these two elements are not used in school laboratories.<\/li>\n<li>Chlorine gas, bromine gas and iodine vapour are <strong>poisonous.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Iodine vapour is <strong>harmful to the respiratory system<\/strong> of living things including human beings.<\/li>\n<li>Hence, chlorine, bromine and iodine should be handled in the correct ways in the laboratories.<\/li>\n<li>The following safety precautions must be taken when handling these halogens.<br \/>\n(i) Handle the halogens in a <strong>fume chamber.<\/strong><br \/>\n(ii) Wear <strong>safety goggles<\/strong> and <strong>gloves.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><strong>Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements Experiment<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><strong>Aim:<\/strong> To investigate the chemical properties of Group 17 elements.<br \/>\n<strong>Problem statement:<\/strong> How do halogens react with water, iron and sodium hydroxide solution?<\/p>\n<p><strong>A. Reactions of halogens with water<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Hypothesis:<\/strong>\u00a0Halogens form acidic solutions and also show bleaching properties when they react with water.<br \/>\n<strong>Variables:<\/strong><br \/>\n(a) Manipulated variable : Types of halogens<br \/>\n(b) Responding variable : Changes in the colour of the blue litmus paper<br \/>\n(c) Controlled variable : Water<br \/>\n<strong>Operational definition:<\/strong><br \/>\n1. When the blue litmus paper turns red, the solution formed exhibits acidic property.<br \/>\n2. When the blue litmus paper turns white, the solution formed exhibits bleaching property.<br \/>\n<strong>Materials:<\/strong> Chlorine gas (produced by mixing potassium manganate(VII) crystals with concentrated hydrochloric acid), liquid bromine, solid iodine, distilled water and blue litmus paper.<br \/>\n<strong>Apparatus:<\/strong> Test tubes, dropper, test tube holders, rubber stoppers and delivery tubes.<br \/>\n<strong>Procedure:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>Safety measures<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Chlorine gas, liquid bromine and solid iodine are poisonous.<\/li>\n<li>Wear gloves and safety goggles when handling these halogens.<\/li>\n<li>Carry out the experiment in a fume chamber.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>I. Chlorine with water<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>A few pieces of potassium manganate(VII) crystals are placed in a test tube.<\/li>\n<li>Concentrated hydrochloric acid is added just enough to cover the potassium manganate(VII) crystals.<\/li>\n<li>The liberated chlorine gas is then passed through 5 cm<sup>3<\/sup> of distilled water in another test tube, as shown in Figure.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-109864\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-9.png\" alt=\"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements 9\" width=\"281\" height=\"186\" \/><\/li>\n<li>The colour of the solution formed is recorded.<\/li>\n<li>The solution formed is tested with a piece of blue litmus paper.<\/li>\n<li>All the changes are recorded.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>II. Bromine with water<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Two drops of liquid bromine are added into a test tube containing 5cm<sup>3<\/sup> water and shaken well, as shown in Figure.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-109886\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-10.png\" alt=\"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements 10\" width=\"161\" height=\"197\" \/><\/li>\n<li>The colour of the solution formed is recorded.<\/li>\n<li>The solution formed is tested with a piece of blue litmus paper.<\/li>\n<li>All the changes are recorded.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>III. Iodine with water<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>A small piece of solid iodine is added into a test tube containing 5 cm<sup>3<\/sup> of distilled water.<\/li>\n<li>The test tube is closed with a rubber stopper and shaken strongly, as shown in Figure.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-109887\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-11.png\" alt=\"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements 11\" width=\"173\" height=\"174\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-11.png 173w, https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-11-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-11-100x100.png 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 173px) 100vw, 173px\" \/><\/li>\n<li>The colour of the solution formed is recorded.<\/li>\n<li>The solution formed is tested with a piece of blue litmus paper.<\/li>\n<li>All the changes are recorded.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Observations:<\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 118px;\" border=\"2\" width=\"773\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"66\"><strong>Halogen<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"520\"><strong>Observation<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"66\">Chlorine<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"520\">The<strong> greenish-yellow<\/strong> gas dissolves <strong>rapidly<\/strong> in water to produce a <strong>pale yellow solution.<\/strong> This solution turns blue litmus paper <strong>red<\/strong> and then <strong>white.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"66\">Bromine<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"520\">The <strong>reddish-brown liquid<\/strong> dissolves <strong>slowly<\/strong> in water to form a <strong>yellowish-brown solution.<\/strong> This solution turns blue litmus paper <strong>red<\/strong> and then <strong>white.<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"66\">Iodine<\/td>\n<td width=\"520\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Only a very <strong>small amount<\/strong> of the <strong>purplish-black crystal<\/strong> dissolves <strong>very slowly<\/strong> in water to produce a <strong>pale yellow solution.<\/strong> This solution has <strong>no effect<\/strong> on blue litmus paper.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong> Discussion:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The <strong>solubility<\/strong> of halogens in water <strong>decreases<\/strong> when going down Group 17.<\/li>\n<li>Halogens react with <strong>water<\/strong> to produce <strong>solutions.<\/strong><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-109889\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-12.png\" alt=\"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements 12\" width=\"718\" height=\"191\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-12.png 718w, https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-12-300x80.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 718px) 100vw, 718px\" \/><\/li>\n<li>Chlorine and bromine <strong>dissolve readily<\/strong> in water forming <strong>acidic solutions<\/strong> which turn <strong>blue litmus paper red.<\/strong> The solutions formed are also <strong>bleaching agents<\/strong> which then turn the litmus paper <strong>white<\/strong> due to the presence of\u00a0<strong>hypochlorous acid<\/strong> or <strong>hypobromous acid.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Iodine is only <strong>very slightly soluble<\/strong> in water. Only <strong>very little<\/strong> iodine dissolves in water. The amount of hydroiodic acid and hypoiodous acid in the iodine water is so <strong>little<\/strong> that it is <strong>unable<\/strong> to change the colour of blue litmus paper and <strong>does not<\/strong> exhibit bleaching properties.<\/li>\n<li>The chlorine gas used in this experiment is prepared by mixing potassium manganate(VII) crystals with concentrated hydrochloric acid. The chemical equation for this reaction is:<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-109932\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-21.png\" alt=\"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements 21\" width=\"521\" height=\"28\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-21.png 521w, https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-21-300x16.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 521px) 100vw, 521px\" \/><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>B. Reactions of halogens with iron<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Hypothesis:<\/strong> When a halogen reacts with iron, an iron(III) halide is formed.<br \/>\n<strong>Variables:<\/strong><br \/>\n(a) Manipulated variable : Types of halogens<br \/>\n(b) Responding variable : Appearance of a brown solid<br \/>\n(c) Controlled variable : Iron<br \/>\n<strong>Operational definition:<\/strong> The appearance of a brown solid indicates the formation of an iron(III) halide.<br \/>\n<strong>Materials:<\/strong> Potassium manganate(VII) crystals, concentrated hydrochloric acid, liquid bromine, solid iodine, iron wool and soda-lime.<br \/>\n<strong>Apparatus:<\/strong> Combustion tubes, delivery tubes, stoppers, boiling tubes, conical flask, retort stand and clamp, Bunsen burner and thistle funnel.<br \/>\n<strong>Procedure:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>I. Chlorine with iron<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The arrangement of apparatus as shown in Figure is set up.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-109890\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-13.png\" alt=\"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements 13\" width=\"335\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-13.png 335w, https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-13-300x239.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 335px) 100vw, 335px\" \/><\/li>\n<li>The iron wool is heated strongly until it is red-hot.<\/li>\n<li>Concentrated hydrochloric acid is then poured onto the potassium manganate(VII) crystals through the thistle funnel until the other end of the thistle funnel is submerged in the concentrated hydrochloric acid.<\/li>\n<li>The liberated chlorine gas is passed over the red-hot iron wool in the combustion tube until no further change occurs.<\/li>\n<li>All the changes are recorded.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>II. Bromine with iron<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The arrangement of apparatus as shown in Figure is set up.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-109891\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-14.png\" alt=\"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements 14\" width=\"294\" height=\"228\" \/><\/li>\n<li>The iron wool is heated strongly until it is red-hot.<\/li>\n<li>The liquid bromine in the boiling tube is warmed to produce bromine vapour.<\/li>\n<li>The bromine vapour is then allowed to pass over the red-hot iron wool until no further change occurs.<\/li>\n<li>All the changes are recorded.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>III. Iodine with iron<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The arrangement of apparatus as shown in Figure is set up.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-109892\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-15.png\" alt=\"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements 15\" width=\"300\" height=\"253\" \/><\/li>\n<li>The iron wool is heated strongly in the combustion tube until it is red-hot.<\/li>\n<li>The iodine crystals are then heated to sublime them and produce iodine vapour.<\/li>\n<li>The liberated iodine vapour is passed over the red-hot iron wool until no further change occurs.<\/li>\n<li>All the changes are recorded.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Observations:<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 91px;\" border=\"2\" width=\"721\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"60\"><strong>Halogen<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"529\"><strong>Observation<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"60\">Chlorine<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"529\">The hot iron wool <strong>ignites rapidly<\/strong> with a <strong>bright flame.<\/strong> A <strong>brown solid<\/strong> is formed.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"60\">Bromine<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"529\">The hot iron wool <strong>glows moderately bright, moderately fast<\/strong> and <strong>less vigorously.<\/strong> A <strong>brown solid<\/strong> is formed.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"60\">Iodine<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"529\">The hot iron wool<strong> glows dimly<\/strong> and <strong>slowly.<\/strong> A <strong>brown solid<\/strong> is formed.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong> Discussion:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Chlorine, bromine and iodine react with hot iron to produce a <strong>brown solid.<\/strong> Hence, chlorine, bromine and iodine <strong>exhibit similar chemical properties.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>The observations also show that the <strong>reactivity<\/strong> of the halogens in their reactions with iron <strong>decreases<\/strong> from chlorine \u2192\u00a0bromine \u2192\u00a0iodine.<\/li>\n<li>Halogens react with hot iron to produce iron(lll) halides (brown salts).<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-109893\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-16.png\" alt=\"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements 16\" width=\"760\" height=\"146\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-16.png 760w, https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-16-300x58.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 760px) 100vw, 760px\" \/><\/li>\n<li><strong>Soda lime<\/strong> is used to <strong>absorb<\/strong> the excess poisonous chlorine gas, bromine vapour or iodine vapour. This will prevent the poisonous gases from escaping to the surroundings.<br \/>\n<strong>Note:<\/strong> Soda lime is a solid mixture of calcium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>C. Reactions of halogens with cold sodium hydroxide solution<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Hypothesis:<\/strong> When the coloured halogens react with sodium hydroxide solution, they produce water and a colourless solution containing sodium halide and sodium halate(l).<br \/>\n<strong>Variables:<\/strong><br \/>\n(a) Manipulated variable : Types of halogens<br \/>\n(b) Responding variable : Formation of a colourless solution from a coloured halogen<br \/>\n(c) Controlled variable : Sodium hydroxide solution<br \/>\n<strong>Operational definition:<\/strong> The formation of a colourless solution indicates that salts of sodium halide, sodium halate(l) and water are formed.<br \/>\n<strong>Materials:<\/strong> Chlorine gas (produced by mixing potassium manganate(VII) crystals with concentrated hydrochloric acid), liquid bromine, solid iodine and 2 mol dm<sup>-3\u00a0<\/sup>sodium hydroxide solution.<br \/>\n<strong>Apparatus:<\/strong> Test tubes, dropper, test tube holders, rubber stoppers and delivery tubes.<br \/>\n<strong>Procedure:<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>I. Chlorine with cold sodium hydroxide solution<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Concentrated hydrochloric acid is added just enough to cover a few pieces of potassium manganate(VII) crystals in a test tube.<\/li>\n<li>The liberated chlorine gas is bubbled through 2 cm<sup>3<\/sup> of cold sodium hydroxide solution in another test tube, as shown in Figure.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-109894\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-17.png\" alt=\"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements 17\" width=\"295\" height=\"208\" \/><\/li>\n<li>The test tube is shaken strongly.<\/li>\n<li>All the changes are recorded.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>II. Bromine with cold sodium hydroxide solution<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Two drops of liquid bromine are added to 2 cm<sup>3<\/sup> of cold sodium hydroxide solution in a test tube, as shown in Figure.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-109895\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-18.png\" alt=\"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements 18\" width=\"245\" height=\"209\" \/><\/li>\n<li>The test tube is closed tightly with a rubber stopper and shaken vigorously until no further change occurs.<\/li>\n<li>The changes are recorded.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>III. Iodine with cold sodium hydroxide solution<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>A small piece of iodine crystal is added to 2 cm<sup>3<\/sup> of cold sodium hydroxide solution in a test tube.<br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-109896\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-19.png\" alt=\"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements 19\" width=\"226\" height=\"172\" \/><\/li>\n<li>The test tube is closed tightly with a rubber stopper and shaken vigorously until no further change occurs.<\/li>\n<li>The changes are recorded.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Observations:<br \/>\n<\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 84px;\" border=\"2\" width=\"704\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"68\"><strong>Halogen<\/strong><\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"518\"><strong>Observation<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"68\">Chlorine<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"518\">The greenish-yellow gas dissolves rapidly in sodium hydroxide solution to produce a colourless solution.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"68\">Bromine<\/td>\n<td width=\"518\">\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">The reddish-brown liquid dissolves moderately fast in sodium hydroxide solution to produce a colourless solution.<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"68\">Iodine<\/td>\n<td style=\"text-align: center;\" width=\"518\">The purplish-black solid dissolves slowly in sodium hydroxide solution to produce a colourless solution.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong> Discussion:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>The <strong>reactivity<\/strong> of halogens in their reactions with cold sodium hydroxide solution <strong>decreases<\/strong> from chlorine \u2192\u00a0bromine \u2192\u00a0iodine (down Croup 1 7).<\/li>\n<li>The halogens react with cold sodium hydroxide solution to produce <strong>water<\/strong> and a colourless solution containing <strong>salts<\/strong> of <strong>sodium halide<\/strong> and <strong>sodium halate(l).<br \/>\n<\/strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-109910\" src=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-20.png\" alt=\"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements 20\" width=\"808\" height=\"168\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-20.png 808w, https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-20-300x62.png 300w, https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-20-768x160.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 808px) 100vw, 808px\" \/><br \/>\n<strong>Note:<\/strong> Sodium chlorate(l), sodium bromate(l) and sodium iodate(l) are also known as sodium hypochlorite, sodium hypobromite and sodium hypoiodite respectively.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Conclusion:<\/strong><br \/>\nThe halogens exhibit similar chemical properties in their reactions with water, iron or sodium hydroxide solution. The reactivity of halogens decreases down Group 17. The hypothesis proposed can be accepted.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements Group 17 Elements: The Halogens The elements in Group 17 are: Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine Astatine These elements are known as halogens. (a) Halogen is a Greek word which means salt-former\u2019. (b) This is because halogens are reactive non-metals. they exist naturally in various mineral salts in [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[84],"tags":[5339,5333,5331,5343,5344,5342,5336,5341,5340,5335,5337,5338,5330,5334,5332],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v17.8 (Yoast SEO v17.8) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements - A Plus Topper<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/physical-chemical-properties-group-17-elements\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements Group 17 Elements: The Halogens The elements in Group 17 are: Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine Astatine These elements are known as halogens. (a) Halogen is a Greek word which means salt-former\u2019. (b) This is because halogens are reactive non-metals. they exist naturally in various mineral salts in [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/physical-chemical-properties-group-17-elements\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"A Plus Topper\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/aplustopper\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-11-18T10:30:32+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-11-19T10:54:49+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-1.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Veerendra\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"13 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Aplus Topper\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/aplustopper\/\"],\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/#logo\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/Aplus_380x90-logo.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/Aplus_380x90-logo.jpg\",\"width\":1585,\"height\":375,\"caption\":\"Aplus Topper\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/#logo\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/\",\"name\":\"A Plus Topper\",\"description\":\"Improve your Grades\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/physical-chemical-properties-group-17-elements\/#primaryimage\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-1.png\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-1.png\",\"width\":72,\"height\":257,\"caption\":\"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements 1\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/physical-chemical-properties-group-17-elements\/#webpage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/physical-chemical-properties-group-17-elements\/\",\"name\":\"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements - A Plus Topper\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/physical-chemical-properties-group-17-elements\/#primaryimage\"},\"datePublished\":\"2022-11-18T10:30:32+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-11-19T10:54:49+00:00\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/physical-chemical-properties-group-17-elements\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/physical-chemical-properties-group-17-elements\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/physical-chemical-properties-group-17-elements\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements\"}]},{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/physical-chemical-properties-group-17-elements\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/physical-chemical-properties-group-17-elements\/#webpage\"},\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/#\/schema\/person\/1363657f2432a17193a1f5d6404b8a0e\"},\"headline\":\"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements\",\"datePublished\":\"2022-11-18T10:30:32+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-11-19T10:54:49+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/physical-chemical-properties-group-17-elements\/#webpage\"},\"wordCount\":2571,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/physical-chemical-properties-group-17-elements\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-1.png\",\"keywords\":[\"are halogens reactive\",\"Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements\",\"Group 17 Elements\",\"group 17 elements are called\",\"Group 17 Elements: The Halogens\",\"halogen definition\",\"halogens characteristics\",\"halogens group number\",\"halogens periodic table\",\"halogens reactivity\",\"halogens uses\",\"halogens valence electrons\",\"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements\",\"Physical Properties of Group 17 Elements\",\"Properties of Group 17 Elements\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Chemistry\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/physical-chemical-properties-group-17-elements\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/#\/schema\/person\/1363657f2432a17193a1f5d6404b8a0e\",\"name\":\"Veerendra\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/#personlogo\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/93ba5dedf76e89af65ae2e1d6ac09855?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/93ba5dedf76e89af65ae2e1d6ac09855?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Veerendra\"},\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/author\/veerendra\/\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements - A Plus Topper","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/physical-chemical-properties-group-17-elements\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements","og_description":"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements Group 17 Elements: The Halogens The elements in Group 17 are: Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine Astatine These elements are known as halogens. (a) Halogen is a Greek word which means salt-former\u2019. (b) This is because halogens are reactive non-metals. they exist naturally in various mineral salts in [&hellip;]","og_url":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/physical-chemical-properties-group-17-elements\/","og_site_name":"A Plus Topper","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/aplustopper\/","article_published_time":"2022-11-18T10:30:32+00:00","article_modified_time":"2022-11-19T10:54:49+00:00","og_image":[{"url":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-1.png"}],"twitter_card":"summary","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"Veerendra","Est. reading time":"13 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/#organization","name":"Aplus Topper","url":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/aplustopper\/"],"logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/#logo","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/Aplus_380x90-logo.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/12\/Aplus_380x90-logo.jpg","width":1585,"height":375,"caption":"Aplus Topper"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/#logo"}},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/","name":"A Plus Topper","description":"Improve your Grades","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/physical-chemical-properties-group-17-elements\/#primaryimage","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-1.png","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-1.png","width":72,"height":257,"caption":"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements 1"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/physical-chemical-properties-group-17-elements\/#webpage","url":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/physical-chemical-properties-group-17-elements\/","name":"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements - A Plus Topper","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/physical-chemical-properties-group-17-elements\/#primaryimage"},"datePublished":"2022-11-18T10:30:32+00:00","dateModified":"2022-11-19T10:54:49+00:00","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/physical-chemical-properties-group-17-elements\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/physical-chemical-properties-group-17-elements\/"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/physical-chemical-properties-group-17-elements\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements"}]},{"@type":"Article","@id":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/physical-chemical-properties-group-17-elements\/#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/physical-chemical-properties-group-17-elements\/#webpage"},"author":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/#\/schema\/person\/1363657f2432a17193a1f5d6404b8a0e"},"headline":"Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements","datePublished":"2022-11-18T10:30:32+00:00","dateModified":"2022-11-19T10:54:49+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/physical-chemical-properties-group-17-elements\/#webpage"},"wordCount":2571,"commentCount":0,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/#organization"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/physical-chemical-properties-group-17-elements\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/05\/Physical-and-Chemical-Properties-of-Group-17-Elements-1.png","keywords":["are halogens reactive","Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements","Group 17 Elements","group 17 elements are called","Group 17 Elements: The Halogens","halogen definition","halogens characteristics","halogens group number","halogens periodic table","halogens reactivity","halogens uses","halogens valence electrons","Physical and Chemical Properties of Group 17 Elements","Physical Properties of Group 17 Elements","Properties of Group 17 Elements"],"articleSection":["Chemistry"],"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"CommentAction","name":"Comment","target":["https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/physical-chemical-properties-group-17-elements\/#respond"]}]},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/#\/schema\/person\/1363657f2432a17193a1f5d6404b8a0e","name":"Veerendra","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/#personlogo","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/93ba5dedf76e89af65ae2e1d6ac09855?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/93ba5dedf76e89af65ae2e1d6ac09855?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"Veerendra"},"url":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/author\/veerendra\/"}]}},"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14038"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14038"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14038\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":153651,"href":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14038\/revisions\/153651"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14038"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14038"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.aplustopper.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14038"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}